En politique, ce qu’il y a souvent de plus difficile à apprécier et à comprendre, c’est ce qui se passe sous nos yeux. Tocqueville
Le désir d’égalité devient toujours plus insatiable à mesure que l’égalité est plus grande. Tocqueville
Ce n’est pas toujours en allant de mal en pis que l’on tombe en révolution. Il arrive le plus souvent qu’un peuple qui avait supporté sans se plaindre, et comme s’il ne les sentait pas, les lois les plus accablantes, les rejette violemment dès que le poids s’en allège. Le régime qu’une révolution détruit vaut presque toujours mieux que celui qui l’avait immédiatement précédé, et l’expérience apprend que le moment le plus dangereux pour un mauvais gouvernement est d’ordinaire celui où il commence à se réformer. Il n’y a qu’un grand génie qui puisse sauver un prince qui entreprend de soulager ses sujets après une oppression longue. Le mal qu’on souffrait patiemment comme inévitable semble insupportable dès qu’on conçoit l’idée de s’y soustraire. Tout ce qu’on ôte alors des abus semble mieux découvrir ce qui en reste et en rend le sentiment plus cuisant : le mal est devenu moindre, il est vrai, mais la sensibilité est plus vive. La féodalité dans toute sa puissance n’avait pas inspiré aux Français autant de haine qu’au moment où elle allait disparaître. Les plus petits coups de l’arbitraire de Louis XVI paraissaient plus difficiles à supporter que tout le despotisme de Louis XIV. Le court emprisonnement de Beaumarchais produisit plus d’émotion dans Paris que les dragonnades. Tocqueville (L’ancien régime et la révolution, 1856)
La révolution à plus de chances de se produire quand une période prolongée de progrès économiques et sociaux est suivie par une courte période de retournement aigu, devant laquelle le fossé entre les attentes et les gratifications s’élargit rapidement, devenant intolérable. La frustration qui en résulte, dès lors qu’elle s’étend largement dans la société, cherche des modes d’expression dans l’action violente. James Chowning Davies
De nombreux sociologues contemporains reprennent cette analyse de Tocqueville, en expliquant les conflits sociaux par la frustration résultant de l’écart croissant « entre ce que les gens désirent et ce qu’ils ont ». Pour Ted Gurr (Why men rebel, 1970), la révolution de 1917 serait due au contraste entre les attentes suscitées par les progrès accomplis depuis les années 1880 et la situation réelle de la paysannerie, du prolétariat naissant ou de l’intelligentsia. Pour James Davies (Toward a theory of Revolution, 1962), le concept de frustration relative trouvé chez Tocqueville a une plus grande portée que celui de frustration absolue attribué à Marx; il explique en effet que les révoltes naissent rarement dans les populations écrasées de misère mais chez ceux qui relèvent la tête et réalisent ce qui leur manque car ils ont plus. (…) Les grands conflits sociaux ou les changements révolutionnaires s’expliquent donc moins par des mécontentements à propos de grandes inégalités que par des sentiments « relatifs » basés sur des différences minimes, ou réduites par l’égalisation des conditions. Jean-Pierre Delas
Une opposition classique met en vis-à-vis la lecture marxienne, selon laquelle la dégradation des conditions de vie agirait comme facteur déterminant et explicatif des soulèvements révolutionnaires, à celle de Tocqueville, pour qui, au contraire, l’amélioration des situations économiques serait à l’origine des évènements révolutionnaires. James Chowning Davies, sociologue américain, tente une synthèse des deux points de vue dans un modèle associant l’idée d’une genèse progressive (liée à l’amélioration des conditions de vie sur plusieurs décennies) d’aspirations sociales longtemps contenues et la thèse des frustrations surgissant plus brutalement à l’occasion de retournements de conjonctures. Le modèle psycho-sociologique de James C. Davies (« Toward A Theory of Revolution » …) tente d’expliquer les renversements de régimes politiques par l’augmentation soudaine d’un écart entre les attentes de populations motivées par des progrès économiques et les satisfactions réelles brutalement réduites par un retournement de conjoncture économique (ex. : mauvaises récoltes, récession économique…) ou politique (ex. : répression brutale, défaite militaire…). (…) James C. Davies schématise sa théorie par une courbe devenue fameuse, dite « courbe de Davies » formant comme un « J » Inversé (…), qui pointe la période « t2 » comme début probable de la dynamique révolutionnaire. La première étude James C. Davies porte sur la rébellion conduite par Thomas W. Dorr – dite « Rébellion Dorr » – au milieu du 19e siècle à Rhode Island dans le nord-est des Etats-Unis. Durant la première moitié du 19e siècle l’industrie du textile se développe et prospère, attirant vers la ville des populations rurales jusqu’en 1835/1840 quand s’amorce une période déclin. La Rebellion Dorr, en 1841/1842 fut durement réprimée. A partir de cette étude de cas, l’auteur construit sont modèle et l’utiliser pour interpréter la Révolution française de 1789, la révolution du Mexique de 1911, la révolution russe de 1917, le coup d’état nassérien de 1952. L’exemple de la révolution russe lui permet de montrer que l’écart est d’autant plus fort que des progrès économiques importants marquèrent le XIXe siècle : à partir du milieu du 19e siècle les serfs s’émancipèrent, l’exode rural entraîna une processus d’urbanisation, le nombre d’ouvriers travaillant en usine augmenta en leur apportant des salaires supérieurs à ce qu’ils gagnaient comme paysans et des conditions de vie également améliorées. Ainsi la période allant de 1861 à 1905 peut être considérée comme celle d’une progression des aspirations sociales jusqu’à une conjoncture de frustrations qui intervient au début du XXe siècle dans différents groupes sociaux : intelligentsia choquée par la répression brutale des manifestations de 1905, paysannerie affectée par les effets des réformes et par une succession de mauvaises récoltes, armée humiliée par la défaite dans la guerre contre le Japon. La détresse et la famine qui affectent la majorité de la population pendant la Première Guerre mondiale achèvent d’agréger ces frustrations de préparer ainsi la révolution de 1917. Jérome Valluy
Le régime des mollahs perd pied: il a ouvert une fenêtre pour aérer le système (…) et une bourrasque est entrée dans la maison. Iran-Resist
Bizarrement, je pense qu’Obama joue la montre et espère que les manifestants seront écrasés avant que la honte d’avoir fermé les yeux – parfois par son silence et parfois par ses banalités d’équivalence morale – sur la brutale théocratie iranienne ne devienne trop lourde, même pour lui, à supporter. (…) Personne ne demande qu’on envoie la cavalerie ou l’aviation mais juste un certain encouragement moral pour ne pas inciter des gens à descendre dans la rue et puis les abandonner à leur sort au moment où ils ont le plus besoin de notre soutien (comme en Hongrie ou pour les Chiites à Bagdad en 1991), mais à la place accorder notre reconnaissance à ceux qui d’eux-mêmes ont déjà pris cette décision dangereuse et méritent notre admiration en termes bien plus forts que ce que nous avons jusqu’ici vu de la Maison Blanche. (…) Cette crainte d’offenser des théocrates sanguinaires qui soutiennent le terrorisme est évidemment tout à fait ahurissante: un président de l’espoir et du changement se révèle faible et cynique à un moment critique où les pires racailles de la Corée du Nord au Venezuela nous observent attentivement et tentent d’évaluer nos capacités de réaction. Victor Davis Hanson
En une sorte d’ironie perverse, la menace la plus sérieuse que la République islamique ait jamais connue depuis sa création arrive au moment même où le premier président américain à accepter explicitement la légitimité du régime se trouve à la Maison Blanche. Quelque crédibilité que les mollahs aient perdue dans la rue, ils l’ont récupérée à Washington, où le président semble bizarrement moins enthousiaste pour un changement de régime en Iran que nombre d’Iraniens eux-mêmes. La timidité d’Obama témoigne d’une mauvaise conscience. À un certain niveau, il prend pour argent comptant la critique post-coloniale de l’Occident comme source des problèmes du monde en voie de développement et pense que nous n’avons pas l’autorité morale pour juger les gouvernements non-occidentaux qui nous en veulent et nous envient. Obama est parfaitement capable de lancer des attaques cinglantes et moralisantes uniquement contre son propre pays, particulièrement sous les mandats de son prédécesseur. Qui sommes-nous pour condamner ds exactions contre des manifestants pacifiques quand nous avons nous-mêmes torturé trois terroristes ? S’il n’y a aucun coût à payer pour la violation des normes internationales consistant à écraser des manifestants de chair et de sang, pourquoi y en aurait-t-il pour le non-respect flagrant des contraintes de papier de l’Agence internationale de l’énergie atomique? Rich Lowry
C’est aux Iraniens qu’il appartient de décider. Nous n’allons pas nous en mêler. (…) Mon approche c’est: attendons de voir. (…) Je pense qu’il est important de comprendre que la différence en terme de politique réelle entre MM. Ahmadinejad et Moussavi n’est peut-être pas aussi grande qu’on ne l’a dit. Obama (16 juin 2009)
On tue et on bat les gens dans les rues de Téhéran et dans tout l’Iran et nous devrions les défendre. Comme nous l’avions fait pour les ouvriers polonais à Dantzig ou pour le peuple tchèque lors du printemps de Prague et comme nous avons défendu la liberté dans chaque partie du monde. Ce n’est pas ça que nous faisons en ce moment. John McCain
Those who do not observe the Islamic dress code will no longer be taken to detention centers, nor will judicial cases be filed against them. Gen. Hossein Rahimi (Tehran police chief)
Police in Iran’s capital said Thursday they will no longer arrest women for failing to observe the Islamic dress code in place since the 1979 revolution. The announcement signaled an easing of punishments for violating the country’s conservative dress code, as called for by the young and reform-minded Iranians who helped re-elect President Hassan Rouhani, a relative moderate, earlier this year. But hard-liners opposed to easing such rules still dominate Iran’s security forces and judiciary, so it was unclear whether the change would be fully implemented. (…) The semi-official Tasnim news agency said violators will instead be made to attend classes given by police. It said repeat offenders could still be subject to legal action, and the dress code remains in place outside the capital. For nearly 40 years, women in Iran have been forced to cover their hair and wear long, loose garments. Younger and more liberal-minded women have long pushed the boundaries of the official dress code, wearing loose headscarves that don’t fully cover their hair and painting their nails, drawing the ire of conservatives. Iran’s morality police— similar to Saudi Arabia’s religious police— typically detain violators and escort them to a police van. Their families are then called to bring the detainee a change of clothes. The violator is then required to sign a form that they will not commit the offense again. (…) Last year, police in Tehran announced plans to deploy 7,000 male and female officers for a new plainclothes division — the largest such undercover assignment in memory – to monitor public morality and enforce the dress code. AP
Anti-government protests broke out in Iran for the third day running on Saturday as separate state-sponsored rallies were staged to mark the end of unrest that shook the country in 2009, according to Iranian news agencies and state media. (…) Iranian authorities have arrested 50 people since protests erupted across the country on Wednesday. (…) State-sponsored mass rallies were scheduled in more than 1,200 cities and towns, state TV said – events held annually to commemorate the end of months of street protests that followed Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s disputed re-election as president. (…) The Iranian government declared that trains and schools will be closed on Sunday because of the protests. Social Media reported in Farsi and Arabic that the protesters were shouting slogans that included “Not Gaza, Not Lebanon, my soul for Iran” and ”Leave Syria, think of how we are doing.” Videos on social media showed Mashhad, the second largest city in Iran, where residents shouted “death to the president” and “death to the dictator.” In Qom, a holy city to Shi’ite Muslims and one of the most religious cities in Iran, residents also joined the protest against the Islamic republic. The Jerusalem Post
A durable truth about dictatorships is that their surface stability disguises discontent that needs only a spark to ignite. The world saw such an eruption in Iran in 2009 after a stolen election, and the last two days have seen outbursts in Iranian cities that again reveal simmering unhappiness with clerical rule. The protests started Thursday in Mashhad, Iran’s second-most populous city, ostensibly as a revolt against rising prices, corruption and unemployment. The demonstrations soon spread across the country and have grown into a broader display of discontent with Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and President Hassan Rouhani’s repressive regime. Twitter has been a venue for videos of the protests in various cities, with demonstrators shouting slogans like “Death to the dictator!” One notable theme are denunciations of the Islamic Republic’s foreign adventurism. People in Mashhad shouted, “No Gaza, no Lebanon, our lives are devoted in Iran.” And in Kermanshah, an ethnic Kurdish city, they shouted “forget about Syria, think about us.” More than 500 people died in Kermanshah last month in an earthquake as buildings collapsed. Iran’s rulers promised that the financial windfall from the 2015 nuclear deal would rebuild the country after years of struggling under nuclear sanctions. Iran’s economy is growing again, but youth unemployment still exceeds 40%. And much of the growth is coming from foreign investment in energy development that isn’t benefiting the larger population. Iran’s Revolutionary Guard Corps, the regime’s paramilitary arm, is heavily involved in the economy and uses business to finance its operations and elite lifestyle. Iranians are also frustrated that the mullahs are spending so much of their national wealth to build a Shiite version of the Persian empire to dominate the Middle East. The Revolutionary Guards are financing the Hezbollah troops fighting as mercenaries to prop up Bashar Assad in Syria. They’re also financing militias in Yemen against the Saudis and in Iraq to guarantee Iranian influence in Baghdad. Religious imperialism is expensive, as is the ballistic-missile development the regime continues despite the nuclear deal. The regime is worried enough that it is blaming foreigners for the protests and sending basiji militia to make arrests. But videos from Tehran show protesters sitting down in front of police in defiance of a crackdown. Iranians need to know that the world supports their demands for freedom. Barack Obama shamed America when he stayed mute during the 2009 protests to curry favor with the regime. So full marks to the State Department Friday for condemning “the arrest of peaceful protesters” and calling for “all nations to publicly support the Iranian people and their demands for basic rights.” President Trump shouldn’t make Mr. Obama’s mistake. The WSJ
Many reports of peaceful protests by Iranian citizens fed up with regime’s corruption & its squandering of the nation’s wealth to fund terrorism abroad. Iranian govt should respect their people’s rights, including right to express themselves. The world is watching! President Donald Trump
Le monde entier comprend que le bon peuple d’Iran veut un changement, et qu’à part le vaste pouvoir militaire des Etats-Unis, le peuple iranien est ce que ses dirigeants craignent le plus. Donald Trump
Les régimes oppresseurs ne peuvent perdurer à jamais, et le jour viendra où le peuple iranien fera face à un choix. Le monde regarde ! Donald Trump
Iran’s leaders have turned a wealthy country with a rich history and culture into an economically depleted rogue state whose chief exports are violence, bloodshed, and chaos. As President Trump has said, the longest-suffering victims of Iran’s leaders are Iran’s own people. Heather Nauert (State Department)
There are many reports of peaceful protests by Iranian citizens fed up with the regime’s corruption and its squandering of the nation’s wealth to fund terrorism abroad. The Iranian government should respect their people’s rights, including their right to express themselves. Sarah Huckabee Sanders (Press secretary)
The ayatollahs still can’t provide for the basic needs of their own people-perhaps because they’ve funneled so much of that money into their campaign of regional aggression in Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen. The protests in Mashhad show that a regime driven by such a hateful ideology cannot maintain broad popular support forever, and we should support the Iranian people who are willing to risk their lives to speak out against it. Senator Tom Cotton
Theories such as the J-curve — which argue that “revolution is most likely to occur when a long period of rising expectations and gratifications is followed by a period during which gratifications … suddenly drop off while expectations … continue to rise” — seek to explain popular mobilization in the face of contemporary poverty by linking it to previous levels of wealth for the same group. Accordingly, “the majority of revolutionaries thus are likely to be poor people at loose ends who have made some progress toward a new and better life and see themselves now failing to do so.” Here, the impact of oil price fluctuations on the shah’s regime is highly instructive. The shah’s vast, state-led development plans induced by the spike in oil revenue in the early 1970s radically increased money supply, causing spiraling inflation. Indeed, the average inflation between 1973 and 1977 was 15.66%, five times that of the preceding five-year period. When oil prices receded between 1975 and 1979, Iran suddenly experienced an economic contraction that forced the government to cut down on services even as inflation remained high. Consequentially, the relative position of the working and middle classes in Iranian society remained static, with members of these key groups seeing their ambitions thwarted as inflation eradicated anticipated socio-economic gains. That the shah, through radical measures, managed to contain inflation in 1978, one year before his fall, was evidently too little too late. As such, applied in the Iranian context, the J-curve theorem explains the revolutionary potential and fermentation of political opposition as a result of thwarted expectations of continuing increases of living standards. As such, inflation in itself is not likely to have ignited the protests in Iran. What should rather be considered is the element of thwarted expectations as a powerful and potentially motivating factor in the broader equation. To reiterate, drastically reduced inflation and the return of economic growth under Rouhani have not yet translated into sufficient job creation. This has occurred in an environment where higher anticipations about the future are clashing with a reality in which the promised dividends of the nuclear deal — which while greatly strengthening state finances — have yet to trickle down to the average Iranian. If parliament passes the Rouhani administration’s proposed budget bill for the Iranian year beginning March 21, 2018, citizens will not only face the prospect of higher fuel costs but also potentially being cut off from monthly cash subsidy payments. Despite these serious conundrums, both revolutionary theory and the Iranian experience show that although low living standards are a constant preoccupation, they are not a constant threat. Neither should socio-economic discontent be equated with effective political resistance. Without necessary resources to maintain autonomous collective organization(s) and form popular opposition that is channeled into effective political action, change remains a remote prospect. This is not to mention the absence of a forward-looking ideology that is understandable to the wider population, capable of providing a powerful alternative vision of societal order and narrative of state identity. Lastly, it should be noted that the protests come on the eve of the ninth of Dey in the Iranian calendar, marked by conservatives as the day when supporters of the political establishment decisively put an end to the protests after the 2009 elections by coming out in force. It is certainly a curious time for Ayatollah Ali Khamenei to be reminded of which constituency is the « real » bedrock of the Islamic Republic in times of crisis. Conversely, it could also serve as a reminder that the faction that is willing to put its own interests ahead of those of the broader political establishment has run its course. Regardless of the latter, given the current circumstances and the socio-economic realities of contemporary Iran, it is only a matter of when, and not whether, the protests will end. Al Monitor
Protests against high unemployment, a stagnant economy with inflationary prices and expensive overseas military interventions are spreading unpredictably fast in several cities in Iran. On Friday, protests spread to Kermanshah in the west, Tehran, Esfahan in central Iran, Rasht in the north, Ahvaz in the southwest and even Qom, the religious capital of Shiite clergy in Iran. Some of the protesters, at least, chanted for a return of “Reza Shah,” the dynasty that was overthrown by the mullahs in 1979. We remember 2009, when Barack Obama, hell-bent on a fanciful alliance with the mullahs, shamefully betrayed the Iranians who rose up, expecting to be supported by us. The Trump administration’s response is of course a welcome contrast. But one wonders: why are Iranians rebelling now? Certainly they have economic grievances, but are these really new? What has happened, recently, to explain the current uprising? I wonder whether the Iranian rebellion has been incited, at least in part, by a conviction that there finally is an administration in Washington prepared to support them, at least morally and perhaps materially. Why would Iranians think that? No doubt they have paid close attention to President Trump’s willingness to stand up to their oppressors. And perhaps Trump’s recognition of Jerusalem as Israel’s capital sent a signal that there has been a changing of the guard in Washington… maybe the fact that we now have a president who is pro-United States and pro-freedom, instead of anti-United States and pro-mullahs/Muslim Brotherhood, etc., has inspired Iranians to march for liberation. It will be interesting to see how events play out in the days to come. John Hinderaker
One thing is certain: these demonstrations would already be over, and may never have begun, if Hillary Clinton were President of the United States right now. Confronted with those 2009 demonstrations that did not go as far or demand as much, Barack Obama betrayed the demonstrators to every grisly fate that the mullahs could devise for them in their torture chambers. Bent on concluding the disastrous nuclear deal that lined their oppressors’ pockets with billions and set the world on a path to a catastrophic nuclear attack, Obama ensured that the U.S. government didn’t lift a finger or offer a word of support for the protesters, even as they were being gunned down in the streets. What a difference a presidential election makes. President Trump has already made it clear in so many ways, most notably by recognizing Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, that he has a willingness his predecessors have not possessed to stand up to violent intimidation rather than to give in to it. Clinton, Bush, and Obama all spoke about Jerusalem being the capital of Israel, but backed off from recognizing the fact as official U.S. policy, for fear that Muslims would riot and kill innocent people, and that such a recognition would jeopardize the chimerical and fruitless “peace process.” Trump, by contrast, grasped the nettle, just as he has done so in confronting an establishment media bent on discrediting and destroying him, and a Democrat and Republic political establishment determined to do the same thing. He is a rare man of courage, and courage is inspiring. The Iranians who are risking their freedom and their very lives to stand up also against violent intimidation and take to the streets all over Iran the last few days are likewise manifesting immense courage, such that the world rarely sees these days. Yet as they stand for their freedom, if they are abandoned again, as Barack Obama abandoned the Iranian protesters in 2009, it will all come to naught. But Barack Obama is gone, and Donald Trump is President. For the people of Iran, have the man and the moment met? Robert Spencer
Vous avez dit effet Trump ?
Robert Spencer: The End of the Islamic Republic?
Robert Spencer
Pamgeller.com
December 30, 2017
There is no way to tell now what will be the outcome of the massive protests that are sweeping Iran, but that they are undeniably momentous, despite the cavalier treatment they have received from the establishment media in the West. They have already led to the Tehran Police announcing that they will no longer enforce the dress codes for women that were imposed after the Islamic Revolution of 1979, and more could be coming, including the downfall of the Islamic regime itself – although the mullahs are mobilizing their military, and will not go down without a fight.
Whatever happens next, what has already happened is extraordinary. Unlike the 2009 Green Movement protests, which featured protesters shouting “Allahu akbar,” signaling that all they wanted was reform of the Islamic regime, not the end of the regime itself, the protesters over the last few days have been clear, chanting: “We don’t want an Islamic Republic!” “Clerics shame on you, let go of our country!” Some have even chanted: “Reza Shah, bless your soul!”
Reza Shah was the Shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941 and the father of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, the Shah who was overthrown in the Islamic Revolution in 1979. Reza Shah admired Turkey’s Ataturk and set Iran on a similar path of Westernization and secularization. In chanting this, the protesters are emphasizing that they do not want an Islamic Republic, and demonstrating yet again that these protests are not just about government corruption or food prices.
One thing is certain: these demonstrations would already be over, and may never have begun, if Hillary Clinton were President of the United States right now. Confronted with those 2009 demonstrations that did not go as far or demand as much, Barack Obama betrayed the demonstrators to every grisly fate that the mullahs could devise for them in their torture chambers. Bent on concluding the disastrous nuclear deal that lined their oppressors’ pockets with billions and set the world on a path to a catastrophic nuclear attack, Obama ensured that the U.S. government didn’t lift a finger or offer a word of support for the protesters, even as they were being gunned down in the streets.
What a difference a presidential election makes. Trump has come out strongly in favor of the protesters, tweeting: Many reports of peaceful protests by Iranian citizens fed up with regime’s corruption & its squandering of the nation’s wealth to fund terrorism abroad. Iranian govt should respect their people’s rights, including right to express themselves. The world is watching!”
State Department spokesperson Heather Nauert said: “Iran’s leaders have turned a wealthy country with a rich history and culture into an economically depleted rogue state whose chief exports are violence, bloodshed, and chaos. As President Trump has said, the longest-suffering victims of Iran’s leaders are Iran’s own people.” Press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders added: “There are many reports of peaceful protests by Iranian citizens fed up with the regime’s corruption and its squandering of the nation’s wealth to fund terrorism abroad. The Iranian government should respect their people’s rights, including their right to express themselves.”
President Trump has already made it clear in so many ways, most notably by recognizing Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, that he has a willingness his predecessors have not possessed to stand up to violent intimidation rather than to give in to it. Clinton, Bush, and Obama all spoke about Jerusalem being the capital of Israel, but backed off from recognizing the fact as official U.S. policy, for fear that Muslims would riot and kill innocent people, and that such a recognition would jeopardize the chimerical and fruitless “peace process.”
Trump, by contrast, grasped the nettle, just as he has done so in confronting an establishment media bent on discrediting and destroying him, and a Democrat and Republic political establishment determined to do the same thing. He is a rare man of courage, and courage is inspiring. The Iranians who are risking their freedom and their very lives to stand up also against violent intimidation and take to the streets all over Iran the last few days are likewise manifesting immense courage, such that the world rarely sees these days. Yet as they stand for their freedom, if they are abandoned again, as Barack Obama abandoned the Iranian protesters in 2009, it will all come to naught.
But Barack Obama is gone, and Donald Trump is President. For the people of Iran, have the man and the moment met?
Robert Spencer is the director of Jihad Watch and author of the New York Times bestsellers The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) and The Truth About Muhammad. His new book is Confessions of an Islamophobe. Follow him on Twitter here. Like him on Facebook here.
Voir aussi:
John Hineraker
Powerline
Demonstrations against that country’s regime have broken out across Iran. Radio Farda reports:
[P]rotests against high unemployment, a stagnant economy with inflationary prices and expensive overseas military interventions are spreading unpredictably fast in several cities in Iran….
***
On Friday, protests spread to Kermanshah in the west, Tehran, Esfahan in central Iran, Rasht in the north, Ahvaz in the southwest and even Qom, the religious capital of Shiite clergy in Iran.
Some of the protesters, at least, chanted for a return of “Reza Shah,” the dynasty that was overthrown by the mullahs in 1979.
https://www.radiofarda.com/embed/player/0/28946293.html?type=video
Senator Tom Cotton urged support for the protesters:
Referring to the “billions in sanctions relief the Islamic republic secured through the nuclear deal”, Arkansas Republican senator Tom Cotton wrote on his Twitter account, the ayatollahs still can’t provide for the basic needs of their own people-perhaps because they’ve funneled so much of that money into their campaign of regional aggression in Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen”.
Senator Cotton has also insisted, “The protests in Mashhad show that a regime driven by such a hateful ideology cannot maintain broad popular support forever, and we should support the Iranian people who are willing to risk their lives to speak out against it.”
We certainly should, and the Trump administration has. Via InstaPundit, this is the strong statement released by the State Department’s spokeswoman:
We remember 2009, when Barack Obama, hell-bent on a fanciful alliance with the mullahs, shamefully betrayed the Iranians who rose up, expecting to be supported by us. The Trump administration’s response is of course a welcome contrast. But one wonders: why are Iranians rebelling now? Certainly they have economic grievances, but are these really new? What has happened, recently, to explain the current uprising?
I wonder whether the Iranian rebellion has been incited, at least in part, by a conviction that there finally is an administration in Washington prepared to support them, at least morally and perhaps materially. Why would Iranians think that? No doubt they have paid close attention to President Trump’s willingness to stand up to their oppressors. And perhaps Trump’s recognition of Jerusalem as Israel’s capital sent a signal that there has been a changing of the guard in Washington.
This is pure speculation, but maybe the fact that we now have a president who is pro-United States and pro-freedom, instead of anti-United States and pro-mullahs/Muslim Brotherhood, etc., has inspired Iranians to march for liberation. It will be interesting to see how events play out in the days to come.
Voir également:
Tehran police: No more arrests for flouting dress code
TEHRAN, Iran (AP) — Police in Iran’s capital said Thursday they will no longer arrest women for failing to observe the Islamic dress code in place since the 1979 revolution.
The announcement signaled an easing of punishments for violating the country’s conservative dress code, as called for by the young and reform-minded Iranians who helped re-elect President Hassan Rouhani, a relative moderate, earlier this year.
But hard-liners opposed to easing such rules still dominate Iran’s security forces and judiciary, so it was unclear whether the change would be fully implemented.
“Those who do not observe the Islamic dress code will no longer be taken to detention centers, nor will judicial cases be filed against them.” Tehran police chief Gen. Hossein Rahimi was quoted as saying by the reformist daily Sharq.
The semi-official Tasnim news agency said violators will instead be made to attend classes given by police. It said repeat offenders could still be subject to legal action, and the dress code remains in place outside the capital.
For nearly 40 years, women in Iran have been forced to cover their hair and wear long, loose garments. Younger and more liberal-minded women have long pushed the boundaries of the official dress code, wearing loose headscarves that don’t fully cover their hair and painting their nails, drawing the ire of conservatives.
Iran’s morality police— similar to Saudi Arabia’s religious police— typically detain violators and escort them to a police van. Their families are then called to bring the detainee a change of clothes. The violator is then required to sign a form that they will not commit the offense again.
Men can also be stopped by the police if they are seen wearing shorts or going shirtless.
Last year, police in Tehran announced plans to deploy 7,000 male and female officers for a new plainclothes division — the largest such undercover assignment in memory – to monitor public morality and enforce the dress code.
___
Associated Press writer Aya Batrawy in Dubai, United Arab Emirates contributed to this report.
Voir encore:
Iran Pulse
Protests in Iran unlikely to bring about change
Despite their sudden spread, protests in Iran are unlikely to instigate the change that demonstrators desire.
Mohammad Ali Shabani
Al Monitor
December 29, 201
Following months of scattered, issue-specific protests across Iran over matters such as unpaid wages and lost deposits amid bankruptcies of unlicensed credit and financial institutions, the northeastern city of Mashhad saw protests on Dec. 28, mainly over “high prices,” with smaller rallies held in regional towns like Neyshabur and Birjand. The day after, similar protests were also held in other cities around the country. So far, the protests appear provincial: The security deputy of Tehran’s governor said fewer than 50 people gathered at a public square in the capital on Dec. 29.
Iranian authorities have stated that the protests were organized via the popular smartphone app Telegram, pointing the finger at “counter-revolutionaries.” Meanwhile, the administration of President Hassan Rouhani believes that its conservative foes are the culprits behind the unrest.
It has not been lost on observers that the initial protests featured relatively rare chants, such as “Death to Rouhani.” Mashhad is home to conservative cleric Ebrahim Raisi, Rouhani’s main rival in the May 2017 presidential election, and Raisi’s father-in-law, radical cleric Ahmad Alamolhoda, who has defied governmental authority on matters such as the holding of concerts. In this vein, the protests erupted one day after the Tehran police chief announced, in a seismic policy shift, that women would no longer be arrested over “improper veiling” but rather sent to educational classes.
Referring to Rouhani’s conservative rivals, First Vice President Eshaq Jahangiri said, “When a social and political movement is launched on the streets, those who started it will not necessarily be able to control it in the end.” He added, “Those who are behind such events will burn their own fingers. They think they will hurt the government by doing so.”
Apart from targeting high prices, chants at the rallies have also included criticism of Iran’s involvement abroad. But these slogans are not new; they predate Iran’s involvement in Iraq and Syria. Such slogans also clash with surveys that show the Iranian public strongly supports the deployment of military personnel to aid the regime of Bashar al-Assad.
Thus, rather than focusing on the idea of a conservative ploy to undermine Rouhani or that foreign policy is the driver of discontent, one should perhaps focus on the main grievance of the protesters — namely, « high prices. »
It is often assumed that low living standards and desperation will induce political mobilization. Yet protests are rarely triggered by the level of poverty in itself — namely, absolute poverty — but rather poverty on a relative contextual basis.
Enter the role of inflation. Theories such as the J-curve — which argue that “revolution is most likely to occur when a long period of rising expectations and gratifications is followed by a period during which gratifications … suddenly drop off while expectations … continue to rise” — seek to explain popular mobilization in the face of contemporary poverty by linking it to previous levels of wealth for the same group. Accordingly, “the majority of revolutionaries thus are likely to be poor people at loose ends who have made some progress toward a new and better life and see themselves now failing to do so.”
Here, the impact of oil price fluctuations on the shah’s regime is highly instructive. The shah’s vast, state-led development plans induced by the spike in oil revenue in the early 1970s radically increased money supply, causing spiraling inflation. Indeed, the average inflation between 1973 and 1977 was 15.66%, five times that of the preceding five-year period.
When oil prices receded between 1975 and 1979, Iran suddenly experienced an economic contraction that forced the government to cut down on services even as inflation remained high. Consequentially, the relative position of the working and middle classes in Iranian society remained static, with members of these key groups seeing their ambitions thwarted as inflation eradicated anticipated socio-economic gains. That the shah, through radical measures, managed to contain inflation in 1978, one year before his fall, was evidently too little too late. As such, applied in the Iranian context, the J-curve theorem explains the revolutionary potential and fermentation of political opposition as a result of thwarted expectations of continuing increases of living standards.
In post-revolutionary Iran, inflation has stubbornly remained in the double digits, with few exceptions. During the Iran-Iraq War, from 1980-88, inflation averaged 17.8%. In the subsequent reconstruction era, under then-President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (1989-97), it averaged 25.28%, with a record peak of 49.4% in the Iranian year ending March 1996. Under Reformist President Mohammad Khatami (1997-2005), inflation was contained at an average of 15.76%. Then, under conservative President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (2005-13) — who oversaw unprecedented oil revenues and a massive increase in money supply with his signature Mehr Housing Scheme, not to mention a 300% devaluation of the rial triggered by sanctions — inflation averaged 17.66%, peaking above 30% in his final year in office.
When Rouhani first took office in August 2013, annual inflation ran at 34.7%. Discounting this annus horribilis, Iran has experienced an average inflation of 11.9% since March 2014 — the lowest under any Iranian president. In the previous Iranian year ending March 20, 2017, it averaged 8.9%.
Yet while he has slashed inflation by 70% since taking office, living costs have still risen under Rouhani amid increased unemployment, which has particularly hit women, the young and the educated. Despite strong economic growth, joblessness is projected by the International Monetary Fund to remain around 12% in coming years, partly due to the large number of job market entrants, given Iran’s demographic profile. Bloomberg has an excellent graphic on the dynamic between the cut in inflation and the rising cost of living.
As such, inflation in itself is not likely to have ignited the protests in Iran. What should rather be considered is the element of thwarted expectations as a powerful and potentially motivating factor in the broader equation.
To reiterate, drastically reduced inflation and the return of economic growth under Rouhani have not yet translated into sufficient job creation. This has occurred in an environment where higher anticipations about the future are clashing with a reality in which the promised dividends of the nuclear deal — which while greatly strengthening state finances — have yet to trickle down to the average Iranian. If parliament passes the Rouhani administration’s proposed budget bill for the Iranian year beginning March 21, 2018, citizens will not only face the prospect of higher fuel costs but also potentially being cut off from monthly cash subsidy payments.
Despite these serious conundrums, both revolutionary theory and the Iranian experience show that although low living standards are a constant preoccupation, they are not a constant threat. Neither should socio-economic discontent be equated with effective political resistance. Without necessary resources to maintain autonomous collective organization(s) and form popular opposition that is channeled into effective political action, change remains a remote prospect. This is not to mention the absence of a forward-looking ideology that is understandable to the wider population, capable of providing a powerful alternative vision of societal order and narrative of state identity.
Lastly, it should be noted that the protests come on the eve of the ninth of Dey in the Iranian calendar, marked by conservatives as the day when supporters of the political establishment decisively put an end to the protests after the 2009 elections by coming out in force. It is certainly a curious time for Ayatollah Ali Khamenei to be reminded of which constituency is the « real » bedrock of the Islamic Republic in times of crisis. Conversely, it could also serve as a reminder that the faction that is willing to put its own interests ahead of those of the broader political establishment has run its course. Regardless of the latter, given the current circumstances and the socio-economic realities of contemporary Iran, it is only a matter of when, and not whether, the protests will end.
Iranian protests escalate, government cancels schools and trains
DUBAI – Anti-government protests broke out in Iran for the third day running on Saturday as separate state-sponsored rallies were staged to mark the end of unrest that shook the country in 2009, according to Iranian news agencies and state media.
State television showed a rally in the capital Tehran as well as marchers carrying banners in support of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in Mashhad, Iran’s second largest city where protests over prices turned political on Thursday.
Iranian authorities have arrested 50 people since protests erupted across the country on Wednesday.
US President Donald Trump Tweeted that « the good people of Iran » want change.
State-sponsored mass rallies were scheduled in more than 1,200 cities and towns, state TV said – events held annually to commemorate the end of months of street protests that followed Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s disputed re-election as president.
The Iranian government declared that trains and schools will be closed on Sunday because of the protests.
Social Media reported in Farsi and Arabic that the protesters were shouting slogans that included “Not Gaza, Not Lebanon, my soul for Iran” and ”Leave Syria, think of how we are doing.”
Videos on social media showed Mashhad, the second largest city in Iran, where residents shouted “death to the president” and “death to the dictator.”
In Qom, a holy city to Shi’ite Muslims and one of the most religious cities in Iran, residents also joined the protest against the Islamic republic.
The Iranian authorities warned citizens not to take part in any “unlawful assemblies” and cautioned that people who take part in protests might cause problems to themselves and others.
Openly political protests are rare in the Islamic Republic, where security services are omnipresent.
But there is considerable discontent over high unemployment, inflation and alleged graft. Some of the new protests have turned political over issues including Iran’s costly involvement in regional conflicts such as those in Syria and Iraq.
Joblessness has risen and annual inflation is running at about 8 percent, with shortages of some foods contributing to higher prices and hardship for many families.
Voir de même:
http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/252332/why-cant-the-american-media-cover-the-protests-in-iran »>Why Can’t the American Media Cover the Protests in Iran?
Because they have lost the ability to cover real news when it
Lee Smith
Tabletmag
December 30, 2017
As widespread anti-regime protests in Iran continue on into their third day, American news audiences are starting to wonder why the US media has devoted so little coverage to such dramatic—and possibly history-making—events. Ordinary people are taking their lives in their hands to voice their outrage at the crimes of an obscurantist regime that has repressed them since 1979, and which attacks and shoots them dead in the streets. So why aren’t the protests in Iran making headlines?
The short answer is that the American media is incapable of covering the story, because its resources and available story-lines for Iran reporting and expertise were shaped by two powerful official forces—the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the Obama White House. Without government minders providing them with story-lines and experts, American reporters are simply lost—and it shows.
It nearly goes without saying that only regime-friendly Western journalists are allowed to report from Iran, which is an authoritarian police state that routinely tortures and murders its political foes. The arrest and nearly two-year detention of Washington Post reporter Jason Rezaian drove this point home to American newsrooms and editors who might not have been paying attention. The fact that Rezaian was not an entirely hostile voice who showed “the human side” of the country only made the regime’s message more terrifying and effective: We can find you guilty of anything at any time, so watch your step.
The Post has understandably been reluctant to send someone back to Iran. But that’s hardly an excuse for virtually ignoring a story that threatens to turn the past eight years of conventional wisdom about Iran on its head. If the people who donned pink pussy hats to resist Donald Trump are one of the year’s big stories, surely people who are shot dead in the streets in Iran for resisting an actual murderous theocracy might also be deserving of a shout-out for their bravery.
Yet the Post’s virtual news blackout on Iran was still more honorable than The New York Times, whose man in Tehran Thomas Erdbrink is a veteran regime mouthpiece whose official government tour guide-style dispatches recall the shameful low-point of Western media truckling to dictators: The systematic white-washing of Joseph Stalin’s monstrous crimes by Times Moscow correspondent Walter Duranty.
Here’s the opening of Erdbrink’s latest dispatch regarding the protests:
Protests over the Iranian government’s handling of the economy spread to several cities on Friday, including Tehran, in what appeared to be a sign of unrest.
“Appeared”? Protests are by definition signs of unrest. The fact that Erdbrink appears to have ripped off the Iran’s government news agency Fars official coverage of the protests is depressing enough—but the function that these dispatches serve is even worse. What Iranians are really upset about, the messaging goes, isn’t the daily grind of living in a repressive theocratic police state run by a criminal elite that robs them blind, but a normal human desire for better living standards. Hey, let’s encourage European industry to invest more money in Iran! Didn’t the US overthrow the elected leader of Iran 70 years ago? Hands off—and let’s put more money in the regime’s pocket, so they can send the protesters home in time for a hearty dinner, and build more ballistic missiles, of course. Erdbrink is pimping for the regime, and requesting the West to wire more money, fast.
Selling the protesters short is a mistake. For 38 years Iranian crowds have been gathered by regime minders to chant “Death to America, Death to Israel.” When their chant spontaneously changes to “Down with Hezbollah” and “Death to the Dictator” as it has now, something big is happening. The protests are fundamentally political in nature, even when the slogans are about bread. But Erdbrink can hardly bring himself to report the regime’s history of depredations since his job is to obscure them. He may have been a journalist at one point in time, but now he manages the Times portfolio in Tehran. The Times, as Tablet colleague James Kirchik reported for Foreign Policy in 2015, runs a travel business that sends Western tourists to Iran. “Travels to Persia,” the Times calls it. If you’re cynical, you probably believe that the Times has an interest in the protests subsiding and the regime surviving—because, after all, anyone can package tours to Paris or Rome.
Networks like like CNN and MSNBC which have gambled their remaining resources and prestige on a #Resist business model are in even deeper trouble. Providing media therapy for a relatively large audience apparently keen to waste hours staring at a white truck obscuring the country club where Donald Trump is playing golf is their entire business model—a Hail Mary pass from a business that had nearly been eaten alive by Facebook and Google. First down! So it doesn’t matter how many dumb Trump-Russia stories the networks, or the Washington Post, or the New Yorker get wrong, as long as viewership and subscriptions are up—right?
The problem, of course, is that the places that have obsessively run those stories for the past year aren’t really news outfits—not anymore. They are in the aromatherapy business. And the karmic sooth-sayers and yogic flyers and mid-level political operators they employ as “experts” and “reporters” simply aren’t capable of covering actual news stories, because that is not part of their skill-set.
The current media landscape was shaped by years of an Obama administration that made the nuclear deal its second-term priority. Talking points on Iran were fed to reporters by the White House—and those who veered outside government-approved lines could expect to be cut off by the administration’s ace press handlers, like active CIA officer Ned Price. It’s totally normal for American reporters to print talking points fed to them daily by a CIA officer who works for a guy with an MA in creative writing, right? But no one ever balked. The hive-mind of today’s media is fed by minders and validated by Twitter in a process that is entirely self-enclosed and circular; a “story” means that someone gave you “sources” who “validate” the agreed upon “story-line.” Someone has to feed these guys so they can write—which is tough to do when real events are unfolding hour by hour on the ground.
The United States has plenty of real expertise about Iran—not just inside think-tanks but throughout the country. The Los Angeles area alone hosts some 800,000 people of Iranian heritage, none of whom are among the “Iran experts” who are regularly featured in the press. Most of the “experts” tapped by the media to comment on Iranian matters have been credentialed and funded by pro-Iran deal organizations like Trita Parsi’s National Iranian American Council. They are propagandists for the regime. Others, like Hooman Majd and Hussein Moussavian, were actually regime functionaries, who now distribute a more sophisticated brand of pro-regime propaganda inside the US.
The election of Rouhani represents a moderate trend in Iranian politics that the United States should encourage. The cash windfall that will come to the regime as a result of sanctions relief will be spent to repair the economy and address the needs of the Iranian people. Etc Etc.
Americans were systematically bombarded by craven regime “talking points” on mainstream and elite media throughout the Obama presidency—because the president had his eye on making a historic deal with Iran that would secure his “legacy.” Anyone who suggested that there was no real difference between Iranian moderates and hardliners, that the regime will spend its money on its foreign wars, not its own people, was shouted down. Anyone who also belonged to the pro-Israel community—meaning that they cared, among other things, about democratic governance in the Middle East—was denounced as a deceitful dual loyalist who thirsted to send innocent American boys off to war. You know, like those hook-nosed banker cartoons that once enlivened the pages of German newspapers.
Of course it’s difficult to understand what’s happening in Iran now—the Obama White House and the press sidelined anyone who was not on board with the president’s main political goal. To sell the public on the Iran Deal, the Obama administration promoted hack “reporters” and “experts” who would peddle its fairy-tale story-lines, while setting social media mobs on whoever was brave or stupid or naïve or well-informed enough to cast doubt on its cock-eyed picture of Iran—including independent reporters like David Sanger of the Times, as well as the president’s entire first-term foreign policy cabinet.
The current coverage of the protests sweeping across Iran is bad by design. The Obama administration used the press to mislead the American public in order to win the president’s signature foreign policy initiative. The bill for that program of systematic misinformation is still coming in, and the price is much higher than anyone could have imagined, including more than 500,000 dead in Syria and an American press incapable of understanding, never mind reporting, that this death toll was part of Obama’s quid pro quo for the nuclear deal.
And what was gained? America enriched and strengthened a soon-to-be nuclear regime that murders its neighbors abroad while torturing, oppressing, and impoverishing its own citizens. Whether the current wave of protests is successful or not, they show that the Iranian people are heartily sick of the regime that Obama and his servants spent eight years of his Presidency praising and propping up.
Lee Smith is the author of The Consequences of Syria.