C’est ça, l’Ouest, monsieur le sénateur: quand la légende devient réalité, c’est la légende qu’il faut publier. Maxwell Scott (journaliste dans ‘L’Homme qui tua Liberty Valance’, John Ford, 1962)
Life is a continual story of shattered dreams. (…) Whenever you set out to build a creative temple, whatever it may be, you must face the fact that there is a tension at the heart of the universe between good and evil. It’s there: a tension at the heart of the universe between good and evil. Hinduism refers to this as a struggle between illusion and reality. Platonic philosophy used to refer to it as a tension between body and soul. Zoroastrianism, a religion of old, used to refer to it as a tension between the god of light and the god of darkness. Traditional Judaism and Christianity refer to it as a tension between God and Satan. Whatever you call it, there is a struggle in the universe between good and evil. Now not only is that struggle structured out somewhere in the external forces of the universe, it’s structured in our own lives. Psychologists have tried to grapple with it in their way, and so they say various things. Sigmund Freud used to say that this tension is a tension between what he called the id and the superego. But you know, some of us feel that it’s a tension between God and man. And in every one of us this morning, there’s a war going on. It’s a civil war. I don’t care who you are, I don’t care where you live, there is a civil war going on in your life. And every time you set out to be good, there’s something pulling on you, telling you to be evil. It’s going on in your life. Every time you set out to love, something keeps pulling on you, trying to get you to hate. Every time you set out to be kind and say nice things about people, something is pulling on you to be jealous and envious and to spread evil gossip about them. There’s a civil war going on. There is a schizophrenia, as the psychologists or the psychiatrists would call it, going on within all of us. And there are times that all of us know somehow that there is a Mr. Hyde and a Dr. Jekyll in us. And we end up having to cry out with Ovid, the Latin poet, « I see and approve the better things of life, but the evil things I do. » We end up having to agree with Plato that the human personality is like a charioteer with two headstrong horses, each wanting to go in different directions. Or sometimes we even have to end up crying out with Saint Augustine as he said in his Confessions, « Lord, make me pure, but not yet. » We end up crying out with the Apostle Paul, « The good that I would I do not: And the evil that I would not, that I do. » Or we end up having to say with Goethe that « there’s enough stuff in me to make both a gentleman and a rogue. » There’s a tension at the heart of human nature. And whenever we set out to dream our dreams and to build our temples, we must be honest enough to recognize it. And this brings me to the basic point of the text. In the final analysis, God does not judge us by the separate incidents or the separate mistakes that we make, but by the total bent of our lives. In the final analysis, God knows that his children are weak and they are frail. (Yes, he does) In the final analysis, what God requires is that your heart is right. Salvation isn’t reaching the destination of absolute morality, but it’s being in the process and on the right road. (…) I don’t know this morning about you, but I can make a testimony. You don’t need to go out this morning saying that Martin Luther King is a saint. Oh, no. I want you to know this morning that I’m a sinner like all of God’s children. But I want to be a good man. Martin Luther King (Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, Georgia, March 3, 1968)
Je rêve que mes quatre petits enfants vivront un jour dans un pays où on ne les jugera pas à la couleur de leur peau mais à la nature de leur caractère. Martin Luther King
Je regrette d’avoir à le dire mais la grande majorité des Américains blancs sont racistes, que ce soit consciemment ou inconsciemment. Martin Luther King (1968)
Comme tout le monde, j’aimerais vivre une longue vie. La longévité a sa place. Mais je ne m’en soucie pas à présent. J’ai vu la Terre Promise. Je n’irai peut-être pas avec vous. Mais sachez-le ce soir, nous irons, notre peuple ira sur la Terre Promise ! Martin Luther King (1968)
Let us be honest with ourselves, and say that we, our standards have lagged behind at many points. Negroes constitute ten percent of the population of New York City, and yet they commit thirty-five percent of the crime. St. Louis, Missouri: the Negroes constitute twenty-six percent of the population, and yet seventy-six percent of the persons on the list for aid to dependent children are Negroes. We have eight times more illegitimacy than white persons. We’ve got to face all of these things. We must work to improve these standards. We must sit down quietly by the wayside, and ask ourselves: “Where can we improve?” What are the things that white people are saying about us? They say that we want integration because we want to marry white people. Well, we know that is a falsehood. We know that. We don’t have to worry about that. Then on the other hand, they say some other things about us, and maybe there is some truth in them. Maybe we could be more sanitary; maybe we could be a little more clean. You may not have enough money to take a weekend trip to Paris, France, and buy all of the fascinating and enticing perfumes. You may not be able to do that, but you are not so poor that you cannot buy a five cents bar of soap so that you can wash before … And another thing my friends, we kill each other too much. We cut up each other too much. (Yes, Yes sir) There is something that we can do. We’ve got to go down in the quiet hour and think about this thing. We’ve got to lift our moral standards at every hand, at every point. You may not have a Ph.D. degree; you may not have an M.A. degree; you may not have an A.B. degree. But the great thing about life is that any man can be good, and honest, and ethical, and moral, and can have character. We must walk the street every day, and let people know that as we walk the street, we aren’t thinking about sex every time we turn around. We are not animals to be degraded at every moment. We know that we’re made for the stars, created for eternity, born for the everlasting, and we stand by it. Martin Luther King
Our nation was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race. Even before there were large numbers of Negroes on our shores, the scar of racial hatred had already disfigured colonial society. From the sixteenth century forward, blood flowed in battles over racial supremacy. We are perhaps the only nation which tried as a matter of national policy to wipe out its indigenous population. Martin Luther King
Today the exploration of space is engaging not only our enthusiasm but our patriotism. Developing it as a global race we have intensified its inherent drama and brought its adventure into every living room, nursery, shop and office. No such fervor or exhilaration attends the war on poverty. Without denying the value of scientific endeavor, there is a striking absurdity in committing billions to reach the moon where no people live, while only a fraction of that amount is appropriated to service the densely populated slums. If these strange values persist, in a few years we can be assured that when we set a man on the moon, with an adequate telescope he will be able to see the slums on earth with their intensified congestion, decay and turbulence. On what scale of vales is this a program of progress? Martin Luther King
Some of us who have already begun to break the silence of the night have found that the calling to speak is often a vocation of agony, but we must speak. (…) Over the past two years, as I have moved to break the betrayal of my own silences and to speak from the burnings of my own heart, as I have called for radical departures from the destruction of Vietnam, many persons have questioned me about the wisdom of my path. At the heart of their concerns this query has often loomed large and loud: Why are you speaking about war, Dr. King? Why are you joining the voices of dissent? Peace and civil rights don’t mix, they say. Aren’t you hurting the cause of your people, they ask? And when I hear them, though I often understand the source of their concern, I am nevertheless greatly saddened, for such questions mean that the inquirers have not really known me, my commitment or my calling. Indeed, their questions suggest that they do not know the world in which they live. (…) A few years ago there was a shining moment in that struggle. It seemed as if there was a real promise of hope for the poor — both black and white — through the poverty program. There were experiments, hopes, new beginnings. Then came the buildup in Vietnam and I watched the program broken and eviscerated as if it were some idle political plaything of a society gone mad on war, and I knew that America would never invest the necessary funds or energies in rehabilitation of its poor so long as adventures like Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money like some demonic destructive suction tube. So I was increasingly compelled to see the war as an enemy of the poor and to attack it as such. (…) As I have walked among the desperate, rejected and angry young men I have told them that Molotov cocktails and rifles would not solve their problems. I have tried to offer them my deepest compassion while maintaining my conviction that social change comes most meaningfully through nonviolent action. But they asked — and rightly so — what about Vietnam? They asked if our own nation wasn’t using massive doses of violence to solve its problems, to bring about the changes it wanted. Their questions hit home, and I knew that I could never again raise my voice against the violence of the oppressed in the ghettos without having first spoken clearly to the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today — my own government. Martin Luther King (1967)
We are now making demands that will cost the nation something. You can’t talk about solving the economic problem of the Negro without talking about billions of dollars. You can’t talk about ending slums without first saying profit must be taken out of slums. You’re really tampering and getting on dangerous ground because you are messing with folk then. You are messing with the captains of industry….Now this means that we are treading in difficult waters, because it really means that we are saying that something is wrong…with capitalism…here must be a better distribution of wealth and maybe America must move toward a Democratic Socialism. Martin Luther King
Je sers d’écran blanc sur lequel les gens de couleurs politiques les plus différentes peuvent projeter leurs propres vues. Obama
Obama surfe sur cette vague d’aspiration des Blancs qui se projettent sur lui. Il parle d’espoir, de changement, d’avenir… Il se cache derrière ce discours éthéré, sans substance, pour permettre aux Blancs de projeter sur lui leurs aspirations. Il est prisonnier car à la minute où il révélera qui il est vraiment, ce en quoi il croit vraiment, son idéologie, il perdra toute sa magie et sa popularité de rock-star. (…) Il est prisonnier, car il ne peut pas être lui-même. (…) Les Blancs sont l’électorat naturel de Barack Obama. (…) C’est ça l’ironie: il a fallu que Barack Obama gagne les voix blanches pour emporter les voix noires. Shelby Steele
Pourquoi les Démocrates feraient-ils l’impasse sur leur propre histoire entre 1848 et 1900 ? Peut-être parce que ce n’est pas le genre d’histoire des droits civiques dont ils veulent parler – peut-être parce que ce n’est pas le genre d’histoire de droits civiques qu’ils veulent avoir sur leur site Web. David Barton
Si Obama était blanc, il ne serait pas dans cette position. Et s’il était une femme, il ne serait pas dans cette position. Il a beaucoup de chance d’être ce qu’il est. Geraldine Ferraro (ex-colistière du candidat démocrate de 1984 et proche d’Hillary Clinton, mars 2008)
As in his other academic essays, King often appropriated the words of others without attribution. He frequently used the language of Tillich and Wieman, though it was clear from the context that he was describing their ideas. In addition to his improper use of Tillich and Wieman, King also borrowed from secondary sources without giving adequate citations. These sources included a review of Tillich’s Systematic Theology, a prominent collection of essays on Tillich, and a dissertation on Tillich that had been completed under DeWolf’s supervision three years earlier. The readers of King’s dissertation, DeWolf and S. Paul Schilling, a professor of systematic theology who had recently arrived at Boston University, failed to notice King’s flawed use of citations. (…) Schilling, for his part, found two problems with King’s citation practices but dismissed these as anomalous and praised the dissertation in his Second Reader’s report. When informed of the plagiaries many years later, Schilling conceded that in certain respects King was “guilty of shoddy scholarship” but argued that “his appropriation of the language of others does not entail inaccurate interpretation of the thought of writers cited.” (…) As was true of King’s other academic papers, the plagiaries in his dissertation escaped detection during his lifetime. (…) King’s reputation for excellent memory and his tendency to synthesize conflicting viewpoints may have obscured his reliance on borrowed ideas and words. Although the extent of King’s plagiaries suggests that he knew that he was at least skirting academic norms, the extant documents offer no direct evidence on this matter. King’s decision to save his papers and to place them in an archive suggests that his academic performance was a source of pride rather than guilt. Thus he may have simply become convinced, on the basis of his grades at Crozer and Boston, that his papers were sufficiently competent to withstand critical scrutiny. Moreover, King’s actions during his early adulthood indicate that he increasingly saw himself as a preacher appropriating theological scholarship rather than as an academic producing such scholarship. Clayborne Carson
Much has been written in recent years about my friend’s weakness for women. Had others not dealt with the matter in such detail, I might have avoided any commentary. Unfortunately, some of these commentators have told only the bare facts without suggesting the reasons why Martin might have indulged in such behavior. They have also left a false impression about the range of his activities. Martin and I were away more often than we were at home; and while this was no excuse for extramarital relations, it was a reason. Some men are better able to bear such deprivations than others, though all of us in SCLC headquarters had our weak moments. We all understood and believed in the biblical prohibition against sex outside of marriage. It was just that he had a particularly difficult time with that temptation. In addition to his personal vulnerability, he was also a man who attracted women, even when he didn’t intend to, and attracted them in droves. Part of his appeal was his predominant role in the black community and part of it was personal. During the last ten years of his life, Martin Luther King was the most important black man in America. That fact alone endowed him with an aura of power and greatness that women found very appealing. He was a hero — the greatest hero of his age — and women are always attracted to a hero. But he also had a personal charm that ingratiated him with members of the opposite sex. He was always gracious and courteous to women, whether they were attractive to him or not. He had perfect manners. He was well educated. He was warm and friendly. He could make them laugh. He was good company, something that cannot always be said of heroes. These qualities made him even more attractive in close proximity than he was at a distance. Then, too, Martin’s own love of women was apparent in ways that could not be easily pinpointed — but which women clearly sensed, even from afar. I remember on more than one occasion sitting on a stage and having Martin turn to me to say, “Do you see that woman giving me the eye, the one in the red dress?” I wouldn’t be able to pick her out at such a distance, but already she had somehow conveyed to him her attraction and he in turn had responded to it. Later I would see them talking together, as if they had known one another forever. I was always a little bewildered at how strongly and unerringly this mutual attraction operated. Ralph David Abernathy (1989)
Ce scénario était fondé sur des informations fausses. Des gens ont témoigné devant le Congrès du fait que le FBI avait fabriqué certaines informations, comme celle selon laquelle Martin et Coretta songeaient au divorce. […] C’est une histoire trop grandiose pour s’attarder sur des balivernes. […] Je veux que quelqu’un fasse pour Martin Luther King ce que Sir Richard Attenborough a fait pour Gandhi. Andrew Young
In the last 30 years we have trapped King in romantic images or frozen his legacy in worship. His strengths have been needlessly exaggerated, his weaknesses wildly overplayed. (…) King’s failures were significant, but they pale in comparison to the majestic good he did. As King knew, character should never be judged in Manichaean terms. Human striving to do right must balance human wrongdoing, since, at its best, life is a tattered quilt of the good and the bad. King lived a life obsessed with helping others. He loved when he was hated. Her forgave when he was despised. … If he could forgive his enemies and friends for their faults, we can forgive him his. We need not idolize King to appreciate his worth; neither do we need to honor him by refusing to confront his weaknesses and his limitations. In assessing King’s life, it would be immoral to value the abstract good of human perfection over concrete goods like justice, freedom, and equality — goods that King valued and helped make more accessible in our national life. Michael Eric Dyson
Americans don’t have much patience with complicated heroes. We like them simple and unthreatening, preferably reducible to a single idea or expression. There are few historical figures who illustrate this tendency better than the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., a man whose entire career is often summarized in the phrase »I have a dream. » (…) In »I May Not Get There With You, » Michael Eric Dyson argues that we have tarnished King’s true legacy by translating it into a cliché. We have sanitized his ideas to make them sound less radical, twisted his identity so he appears more saintly and ceded control of his image to various powers — from the federal government that made his birthday an official holiday to the King family itself, which has aggressively and profitably marketed his memory. Dyson castigates King’s foes and fans alike. (…) Dyson’s achievement is to have recovered the discomfortingly radical core of King’s message and reminded us why J. Edgar Hoover called him »the most dangerous Negro in America. » It is sometimes forgotten that many of the liberal admirers so fond of King when he was the messenger of nonviolent integration ( »the poster boy for Safe Negro Leadership, » in Dyson’s words) grew disenchanted with him when he espoused more radical ideas in his later years. Confronted with seemingly ineradicable white racism and persistent black poverty in the North, King concluded that nothing short of »radical moral surgery » was required to heal the country. (…) He viewed the Vietnam War as an extension of America’s domestic racism and lost considerable support by advocating various black nationalist and socialist ideas. His own Southern Christian Leadership Conference put tremendous pressure on him to moderate his views and, although he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, by 1968 his name had slipped off the Gallup poll’s list of the 10 most admired Americans. The book is at its best when Dyson provides close readings of the less well-known sermons, drawing on King’s unambiguously radical ideas to rescue him from his conservative usurpers and undercut their sanitized portrait. Indeed, Dyson proposes a 10-year moratorium on reading King’s »I Have a Dream » speech so that the rest of his ideas — like his defense of wide-ranging affirmative action programs in »Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution, » his last Sunday morning sermon — might come to the fore. Dyson argues that the »Dream » speech has become an unwitting enemy of King’s genuine moral complexity. (…) Dyson gives us a thoroughly contemporary King, an enigmatic hero whose flaws and failings make him more, not less, relevant to our times. Still, his painstaking analysis of King’s promiscuity and plagiarism (Dyson describes King’s habit of »sampling » from other sources as »more Miles Davis than Milli Vanilli ») too often reads like a politically correct laundry list, and it borders on the absurd when he suggests that in his flagrant sexual affairs King exploded »in orgasm to keep his spirit from exploding. » Similarly, when Dyson equates King’s sexism with that of the rapper Tupac Shakur, he diminishes King for the sake of a glib pop culture comparison. Although Dyson fulfills his promise to »provide a fresh interpretation of a peculiarly American life, » I kept hoping he might step back and question the whole enterprise of icon rescue itself. It sometimes seems as if the culture industry packages new heroes no less frequently than the fashion industry alters hemlines or tie widths. Was the Malcolm X revival of only a few years ago — to which Dyson’s »Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X » contributed — a genuine movement or merely a marketing opportunity? Will Dyson’s reclaimed and updated King really bolster young African-Americans or the political left? One might actually read »I May Not Get There With You » as a pointed lesson about how absurdly easy it is for ideologues of every political stripe to misappropriate and profit from even the most powerful ideas and sophisticated thinkers. Too often the rhetorical battle over a hero’s image gets confused with the political struggle itself. So can the defenders of King’s »true » legacy finally declare victory, or has the real fight only just begun? Robert S. Boynton
Loin des déchirements des années 1960, King est devenu une figure consensuelle. « J’ai fait un rêve », répète-t-on sans cesse. Une phrase résume partout son fameux discours de 1963 à Washington : « Je fais le rêve qu’un jour mes quatre jeunes enfants vivront dans une nation où ils seront jugés, non pas sur leur couleur de peau, mais d’après le contenu de leur personnalité. » (« the content of their character »). Autrement dit, si Martin Luther King, Jr. est devenu à titre posthume un saint national, c’est parce qu’il aurait été « aveugle à la race » (color-blind). Or King n’était pas un saint – en tout cas, il n’avait rien de lénifiant. Non qu’il s’agisse de rappeler ici, pour le dénigrer, les faiblesses de l’homme (du plagiat de jeunesse aux aventures du pasteur adultère). Mais si l’on veut comprendre sa mort violente, il faut lui restituer sa force de scandale. King n’était pas un doux rêveur inoffensif. Comme le souligne avec force le critique noir Michael Eric Dyson, les années 1960 aux Etats-Unis, en se radicalisant, ont radicalisé aussi le pasteur de l’église baptiste. En 1968, le mouvement pour les droits civiques a perdu son innocence, et King avec lui. Après 1965, King s’éloigne d’une approche morale pour privilégier une approche politique. Il ne suffit pas d’en appeler à la justice. S’il ne renonce jamais à la non-violence, de plus en plus, pour penser les rapports de force, il met en cause l’ordre des choses. La réforme exigée suppose selon lui une « restructuration de la société américaine dans son entier. » En effet, désormais, la question raciale lui apparaît bien comme une question sociale. Les droits formels sont nécessaires ; ils ne sont pas suffisants : la ghettoïsation des populations de couleur est inséparable des inégalités économiques. A Memphis, il trouve la mort en venant soutenir une grève d’éboueurs noirs, dans le cadre de la Campagne des pauvres. Il s’agit donc de la distribution de la richesse, de l’organisation de la société étatsunienne tout entière, bref, du capitalisme. N’allons pas croire pour autant que King renonce à la race, pour penser la classe en dernière instance. En effet, en déplaçant le combat, du Sud au Nord des Etats-Unis, le pasteur pouvait mesurer à quel point le racisme n’était pas cantonné dans les terres des Confédérés. A Chicago, où il se bat pour les droits sociaux, le logement ou l’emploi, l’hostilité n’est pas moindre que dans l’Alabama, quand il luttait pour les droits civiques, contre la ségrégation. Le racisme n’est donc pas seulement une trace du passé, legs de la guerre de Sécession, car cent ans plus tard, « la plupart des Américains sont inconsciemment racistes. » Autrement dit, après le racisme revendiqué, King découvre l’ampleur de la discrimination raciale qui s’affiche moins, mais qui n’a pas besoin d’être consciente pour instituer une hiérarchie raciale. Le problème ne se résume pas aux intentions, bonnes ou mauvaises ; c’est le résultat qui compte, à savoir la discrimination. La radicalisation de Martin Luther King, Jr. ne s’arrête pas là. Un an avant sa mort, jour pour jour, le prix Nobel de la Paix s’était publiquement engagé à New York contre la guerre du Vietnam : il était venu, « le temps de briser le silence ». C’était rompre avec le président Johnson, et s’exposer à l’hostilité des médias, de Time au New York Times. Pour King, le combat pour la paix rejoint l’engagement pour les droits civiques. C’est que « la guerre est l’ennemi des pauvres » : ce sont leurs enfants qui meurent au Vietnam, et c’est l’argent de la guerre contre la pauvreté qui est dilapidé dans l’effort militaire. Quant aux Vietnamiens, « ils doivent voir les Américains comme d’étranges libérateurs »… C’est pourquoi, plutôt que de combattre le communisme, « il nous faut, par une action positive, chercher à éradiquer ces conditions de pauvreté, d’insécurité et d’injustice qui sont le sol fertile où pousse et prospère la semence du communisme. » (…) Son héritage est donc bien un enjeu politique. Aux Etats-Unis, les conservateurs s’emploient depuis le début des années 1990 à en faire le héraut d’une Amérique « aveugle à la race ». L’intellectuel noir Shelby Steele opposait déjà en 1990, en écho au discours de 1963, « le contenu de notre personnalité » à la couleur de peau – et depuis, cette version « color blind » du militant des droits civiques s’est imposée, y compris dans des travaux universitaires parmi les plus sérieux. Jusque dans les campagnes électorales, on invoque l’autorité de King contre les politiques de discrimination positive (affirmative action). Or, comme le démontrait en 2003 Tim Wise, militant blanc de l’antiracisme, loin d’être « aveugle à la race », le pasteur noir s’est mainte fois prononcé pour des politiques prenant en compte le critère racial. En 1963, il écrivait déjà : « Dès qu’on soulève l’idée d’un traitement compensatoire ou préférentiel pour les Noirs, certains de nos amis reculent avec horreur. Le Noir devrait bénéficier de l’égalité, ils en conviennent, mais il ne devrait rien demander de plus. En apparence, c’est raisonnable ; mais ce n’est pas réaliste. Car il est évident que dans une course, l’homme qui franchit la ligne de départ trois cents mètres après son concurrent devra accomplir un exploit inouï pour le rattraper. » Si l’enjeu est actuel, c’est bien sûr que l’anniversaire de la mort de Martin Luther King, Jr. tombe en plein dans la campagne démocrate pour la nomination. Un candidat noir est-il condamné à choisir entre le racisme anti-blanc et le moralisme incolore ? On sait ce que l’alternative a coûté à Jesse Jackson dans les années 1980 : constamment renvoyé au premier terme, il n’était qu’un candidat noir – enfermé dans sa race, et donc inéligible. Aujourd’hui, c’est tout le sens de la polémique lancée autour des sermons du pasteur Jeremiah Wright : Obama est sommé de choisir entre le racisme et l’aveuglement à la race. On reviendra sur sa réponse. Mais il vaut la peine aussi de s’intéresser au sermon si contesté – sans se limiter aux extraits diffusés par la chaîne Fox, d’une droite sans mélange, ouvertement engagée contre Obama. Jeremiah Wright n’est pas le raciste anti-blanc qu’on nous a montré. Sans doute reprend-il d’un ambassadeur blanc, interviewé justement sur Fox, une fameuse citation de Malcolm X, la plus controversée, après la mort du président Kennedy (« the chickens have come home to roost », soit à peu près « tu récolteras la tempête »). Cependant, son discours rappelle tout autant Martin Luther King, Jr. : la guerre du Vietnam lui faisait dire que son pays était « le plus grand fournisseur de violence au monde aujourd’hui. » Il avait déjà rappelé que « notre nation est née d’un génocide », en rappelant le sort des Indiens d’Amérique, et à la fin de sa vie, il caractérisait la discrimination raciale dans le Nord du pays comme « un génocide psychologique et spirituel ». Il ne s’agit pourtant pas d’antiaméricanisme : l’un et l’autre appellent le pays à un examen de conscience. Nulle modération dans ce discours. Le style prophétique du prédicateur noir n’est pas mièvre. Pour autant, King était-il raciste ? L’apôtre de la non-violence était-il violent ? Ou bien, ne donnait-il pas plutôt à voir et à penser la violence de la discrimination ? Et comment le faire en s’aveuglant à la race ? En tout cas, ceux qui voulaient le tuer ne s’y sont pas trompés : son message était bien politique ; il bousculait l’Amérique des années 1960. Et leur violence lui a donné raison. Eric Fassin
Il y a, cependant, des considérations pratiques occasionnelles qui justifient les tergiversations, voire la répression. Au cours de la l’hystérie médiatique Monica Lewinsky, Bill Clinton a été neutralisé, incapable de mener à bien les tâches qui étaient les siennes avec le cafouillage sur les taches des robes bleues et la configuration exacte du pénis présidentiel. Il aurait pu être désastreusement distrayant si, pendant la crise des missiles cubains, on avait appris que les frères Kennedy se faisaient Marilyn Monroe à tour de rôle. Les grandes affaires du monde sont plus importantes que ces anecdotes. La vision de MLK n’a pas encore été entièrement accomplie: jusqu’à qu’elle le soit, son héritage doit être protégé, comme l’a été la réputation publique des Kennedy en leur temps. Tant pis si cela requiert une dose d’aseptisation, la lutte continue pour les droits civiques n’est pas chose futile. Néanmoins, je préférerais de beaucoup voir le film de Greengrass que celui de Spielberg, pas vous? John Sutherland (The Guardian)
Après la béatification,… la canonisation?
En ce 43e anniversaire (hier en fait) de l’assassinat du pasteur Martin Luther King …
Qui serait probablement le premier choqué aujourd’hui de voir un président américain élu non pour la nature de son caractère mais pour la couleur de sa peau …
Confirmation, après les pressions contre la mini-série Kennedy (sexe, drogue et relations mafieuses obligent), de son statut de véritable saint laïc en tout cas à Hollywood …
Avec tous ces projets de films hagiographiques (pas moins de quatre dont un de Spielberg et une mini-série) …
Mais surtout le report possible de deux d’entre eux et notamment de celui du Britannique Paul Greengrass …
Pour cause, suite aux protestations des héritiers, de lèse-majesté.
Comme la référence, outre au plagiat de sa thèse et nombre de ses sermons ou discours, à présent dûment protégés par les droits d’auteur …
A son recours de plus en plus massif sous la pression des dernières années à l’alcool et au sexe (y compris, si l’on en croit les écoutes du FBI, tarifé) et partant à l’effondrement de son mariage …
Sans compter, selon le bon vieux et proprement stalinien principe du « il ne faut pas désespérer Watts », cette défense pour le moins audacieuse, par le journal de la gauche bien-pensante britannique The Guardian, de l’hagiographie contre la vérité historique.
Le même qui publie à longueur de pages les dépêches diplomatiques volées du site du hacker australien Julian Assange …
Universal lâche un biopic polémique sur Martin Luther King
Slate
5 avril 2011
Du rififi à Montgomery Les studios Universal ont décidé de lâcher Memphis, un projet de film sur Martin Luther King porté par le réalisateur Paul Greengrass (Bloody Sunday, United 93, Green Zone, la série des Jason Bourne…), qu’ils prévoyaient de sortir à l’occasion du prochain Martin Luther King Day, en janvier 2012. La raison officielle est qu’ils craignent que le film ne puisse pas être prêt à temps, mais il existe une raison officieuse, selon le site Deadline, qui a révélé l’information:
«Les héritiers King se montraient très critiques envers le projet et ont exercé des pressions sur le studio pour qu’il l’abandonne. […] La famille aurait fait savoir qu’elle pourrait manifester publiquement son déplaisir concernant le scénario de Greengrass.»
Si ce dernier pourrait faire rebondir ce projet chez un autre studio, le site Obsessed with Film estime qu’il doit être «actuellement vraiment furieux, car cette annulation vient seulement quelques mois après son essai infructueux pour lancer un biopic de Jimi Hendrix […] car les héritiers de la légende du rock n’étaient pas satisfait de ses plans».
«Fondé sur des informations fausses»
Le même site développe aussi les grandes lignes du projet Memphis:
«Il devait se concentrer sur les derniers moments controversés de Martin Luther King en mars-avril 68, de son combat pour les droits des éboueurs de Memphis à ses relations enflammées avec le président Johnson en raison de leur désaccord sur le Vietnam, en passant par sa vision du Black Power et de la classe ouvrière. Le film devait aussi s’attarder sur sa vie personnelle, alors qu’à l’époque sa tabagie s’intensifiait, son mariage s’effondrait et qu’il consommait des quantités déraisonnables de nourriture et d’alcool.»
Un ami et confident de King, Andrew Young, ancien maire d’Atlanta, s’en est lui pris au projet dans les colonnes du quotidien britannique The Independent on Sunday:
«Ce scénario était fondé sur des informations fausses. Des gens ont témoigné devant le Congrès du fait que le FBI avait fabriqué certaines informations, comme celle selon laquelle Martin et Coretta songeaient au divorce. […] C’est une histoire trop grandiose pour s’attarder sur des balivernes. […] Je veux que quelqu’un fasse pour Martin Luther King ce que Sir Richard Attenborough a fait pour Gandhi.»
Spielberg a un projet
Deadline estime que cette attitude pourrait également s’expliquer par l’existence d’un autre projet porté par le scénariste Ronald Harwood (Le Pianiste de Polanski) et les studios Dreamworks de Steven Spielberg, qui ont payé les droits pour pouvoir utiliser les discours du leader des droits civiques. Un troisième projet sur Martin Luther King, Selma, du réalisateur Lee Daniels, a lui échoué à se lancer.
Revenant sur cette affaire et sur celle de la mini-série sur les Kennedy tournée puis refusée par une chaîne américaine, le chroniqueur John Sutherland livre un point de vue ambigu dans The Guardian, en estimant qu’un certain degré de réécriture de l’Histoire peut encore se justifier:
«La vision de MLK n’a pas encore été entièrement accomplie: jusqu’à qu’elle le soit, son héritage doit être protégé, comme l’a été la réputation publique des Kennedy en leur temps. Tant pis si cela requiert une dose d’aseptisation, la lutte continue pour les droits civiques n’est pas chose futile. Néanmoins, je préférerais de beaucoup voir le film de Greengrass que celui de Spielberg, pas vous?»
Voir aussi :
Opposition To Martin Luther King Films Reveals Hard Truths About Biopic Biz
Mike Fleming
Deadline
April 4, 2011
Few Hollywood films are as difficult to mount as the biopics of historical figures. From The Hurricane to Malcolm X, A Beautiful Mind to Munich, The Social Network to even the most recent Best Picture Oscar winner The King’s Speech, there is always criticism that the filmmakers have been either too tough or too soft on flawed protagonists. It also isn’t unusual for that criticism to begin in the early script stage, even though screenplays get rewritten and vetted so much that a first or second draft might not reflect what ultimately ends up in the finished film. A recent target was Clint Eastwood’s J. Edgar, whose script bizarrely was critiqued in The New York Times by a screenwriter who’d done a Hoover film years earlier and thus may have had a vested interest in seeing the new project not best his own. But what happens when the family and friends of a biopic subject get an early look at a script and don’t like what they’ve read? Should studios and/or distributors succumb to such pressure from insiders or ignore them? And what exactly in biopics constitutes fact vs fiction?
Martin Luther King Jr was killed 43 years ago today. Deadline revealed last Friday that Universal Pictures had dropped the Scott Rudin-produced and Paul Greengrass-directed MLK project Memphis. I’d heard that the decision came after the King estate and MLK confidante Andrew Young applied pressure. Young has confirmed to me (interview below) he did indeed contact Universal and objected to a Memphis script draft that, among other things, depicted marital infidelity in Dr. King’s final days. Young said he also refuted a depiction of himself securing a hotel room for a young woman who had accompanied King’s brother to Memphis.
I learned that Young was told by Universal that it would not move forward with Memphis in response to his claims of factual inaccuracies. A studio spokesperson continues to claim that Universal’s decision was based on scheduling, specifically uncertainty whether the movie could be ready for release in time for MLK’s birthday next February. The studio denied outside pressure played any role in deep-sixing the pic.
But this is not the first time Young has had reservations about the factual accuracy of a MLK biopic. He confirmed to me he also raised objections to purported facts in the script Selma, including mentions of infidelity as well. The on-again-off-again indie drama, developed by Precious helmer Lee Daniels with backing from The Weinstein Company, is about King’s march to the steps of the State Capital Building in Montgomery weeks after marchers demonstrating about voter rights were brutally beaten by law enforcement officials on the Edmund Pettis Bridge. « They didn’t even identify the woman who started that march, Amelia Boynton, who was beaten on the bridge and left for dead on Bloody Sunday, » Young told me. « You want to talk about a role for Oprah, there it is. They said, ‘We have our script,’ and I said, ‘No, you don’t.’ They call it poetic license, but I told them it doesn’t make sense to take poetic license when the real story is more powerful. »
Despite Young’s objections, the filmmakers behind both Selma and Memphis still hope to get their MLK projects made. Rudin and Greengrass are now looking for a new home in hopes of keeping their film on track for its February release. I read a draft of their Memphis from late last year. In my opinion, the film isn’t a biopic as much as a depiction of Dr. King’s final days as he struggled to organize a protest march on behalf of striking black municipal sanitation workers. That is juxtaposed with an intense manhunt for King’s assassin James Earl Ray, involving some of the federal authorities who, at Hoover’s direction, had dogged King’s every step with wiretaps and whispering campaigns before the civil rights leader’s death. Greengrass’s script is powerful stuff, and by the end, honors King’s struggle and ultimate sacrifice. But infidelity — which comes up in any Internet search on Dr. King — is in the script.
Young is admittedly protective of the reputation of his close friend, and said he pines for someone to do for King what Richard Attenborough did for Gandhi. He tells me when he read the script for Memphis, « I thought it was fiction. » As for the depiction of infidelity, Young said: « There is testimony in congressional hearings that a lot of that information was manufactured by the FBI and wasn’t true. The FBI testified to that. I was saying simply, why make up a story when the true story is so great? My only concern here is honoring the message of Martin Luther King’s life, and how you can change the world without killing anybody. You’ve seen glimpses of that in the fall of the Berlin Wall, in Poland, South Africa, in a movement in Egypt that began with prayers, where even mercenaries and the most brutal soldiers have trouble shooting someone on their knees. These regimes crumbled before non-violent demonstrations, and that is a message the world needs. »
I suggested that when films canonize subjects, audiences can sense it, and that is why good biopics mix reverence with warts-and-all treatment. Young said: « It’s not wrong if the warts are there. But we had the most powerful and understanding wives in history, Coretta, my wife Jean, and Ralph Abernathy’s wife Juanita. These women were more dedicated and enthusiastic in pushing us into these struggles than anybody, and the inference Coretta might have been upset about Martin being gone so much or them having marital troubles, it’s just not true. Maybe I’m piqued because nobody read my book, and I tried to be honest, and I was there. We were struggling with history that we didn’t even understand, but somehow by the grace of God it came out right. We were trying to change the world, not by any means necessary, but by being dedicated to loving our enemies and praying for those who persecuted us. That’s hard to believe in this day and age. But I can remember when everybody had guns in the South, and after Martin’s house was bombed, they all came. He sent them home. Time after time, our nonviolent commitment was put the test, but that was one test we passed, even in extremely difficult circumstances. » Young said he offered input on Memphis, but hasn’t heard back. « I said I would pay my own way to LA to sit with the writers, tell what really went on, and give them names, but nobody took me up on it, » he said.
But that’s because the filmmakers of Memphis were still waiting on a Universal greenlight. Both Greengrass (on Bloody Sunday and United 93) and Rudin (The Social Network) are veterans of the vetting process. During Oscar season, much was made of the way that input from Facebook influenced some scenes in The Social Network, but Rudin and director David Fincher and screenwriter Aaron Sorkin stood their ground when Facebook asked for changes to scenes the filmmakers had corroborated independently. In the end, Mark Zuckerberg embraced it.
Hollywood has long tried to find a way to tackle King’s life for a feature film, but it was deemed too sprawling. There are now at least four different projects in the works. While HBO’s 7-hour miniseries adaptation of Taylor Branch’s book trilogy intends to cover King’s voluminous civil rights activist career from start to finish, it seems somehow appropriate that feature films like Memphis break off pieces of MLK’s journey, showing different sides of one complex legend.
Voir également:
British film of Luther King’s life halted as family objects
Spielberg waits in the wings as supporters of the murdered human rights leader say Greengrass project would resort to trivia and smears
Emily Dugan
3 April 2011
A major Hollywood biopic of Martin Luther King has been dropped after friends and family of the murdered civil rights leader called it a « false » portrayal.
Memphis, a film about Dr King’s final days in 1968, directed and written by British film-maker Paul Greengrass, was supposed to begin filming in June. Now Greengrass, the Bafta -winning director, is said to be seeking a new backer after Universal Pictures declined to go ahead with the project.
The script is understood to have focused on Dr King’s troubles towards the end of his life, including alleged problems in his marriage and a smoking and drinking problem.
Andrew Young, a former friend and confidant of Dr King contacted Universal to register his objections. He told the IoS: « It was a script based on false information. There was congressional testimony saying that the FBI manufactured certain things, like the fact that Martin and Coretta [his wife] were thinking about divorce. To say they were not getting along is absolutely ridiculous. I feel this is too great a story to deal in trivia.
« You have a number of British writers who do not know the history and do not talk to people…. I want someone to do with Martin Luther King what Sir Richard Attenborough did with Gandhi. »
Dr King’s estate is understood to have made it clear they were also prepared to go public with their feelings about Greengrass’s script.
A source close to the film said Universal abandoned the project for « business reasons » because it would not have been completed for its February 2012 target date.
The church minister, a symbol for the global civil rights movement, was shot dead in Memphis 43 years ago tomorrow. He was only 39.
Greengrass and producer Scott Rodin were seen in Memphis scouting locations for their film in February.
A rival biopic of Dr King, produced by Steven Spielberg, is also being written. Dr King’s family sold the « life rights » to DreamWorks in May 2009, but it has yet to begin filming. The sale sparked a lawsuit among King’s children, with Martin Luther King III and the Rev Bernice King claiming their brother Dexter had negotiated a deal without their knowledge.
Voir de plus:
Martin Luther King – a whitewash can be right
Viewers would probably prefer a warts-and-all Dr King biopic. But his legacy is worth protecting
John Sutherland
The Guardian
April 2011
Question: what do Saif al-Islam Gaddafi and Martin Luther King Jr have in common? Answer: both are suspected of having plagiarised their PhD theses. A 1980s committee of investigation went further, in the case of MLK, and put on record that his doctorate was undeserved. Had young Martin’s examiners failed his thesis, as they should have done, and drummed him out of Boston University in disgrace, he could have gone on to dream all he wanted – and posterity would, for the larger part, never have heard of him.
King died, by a still-mysterious assassin’s hand, 43 years ago today. And the dream he proclaimed on 28 August 1963 has gone some way to being realised, with an African American in the White House. It should be a time of rejoicing.
It isn’t. It’s a time of ignominious squabbling. Paul Greengrass, the British film director, has been rudely decommissioned by Universal Studios from doing a big budget biopic of King after protest from the family. The Kings’ objections have been made public by Andrew Young – a black city mayor and comrade of King in the 1960s. Having pored over the script, these defenders of « the legacy » determined that Greengrass was intending to concentrate overly on « trivia ».
The PhD jiggery-pokery is one such trivial thing. Weightier, probably, is the evidence of the microphones the odious J Edgar Hoover had the FBI put under MLK’s bedsprings as he lodged in motels in his civil rights marches across America. There were, as the biographer David Garrow has established, flagrant infidelities. Hoover, one is told, circulated recordings of the black leader’s « catting around » in his bizarre quest to prove that he was a communist stooge.
The family would rather Greengrass had followed the line of Coretta King’s wifely My Life With Martin Luther King Jr. Or, as Young put it, they wanted « someone to do with Martin Luther King what Sir Richard Attenborough did with Gandhi ». Steven Spielberg is said to be willing to be that someone.
Meanwhile the latest biography of Gandhi, by Joseph Lelyveld, has been denounced in India and banned in Gujarat (Gandhi’s home state) for delving into his sexual tastes. And the History Channel had commissioned a mini-series, The Kennedys, due to start this week; but at the last minute it has caved into pressure on grounds of too much attention to « trivia’ – sex, drugs, mafiosi. The series was, it has said, « not fit for the History Channel » (not history?).
This nervousness about how to square biography with hagiography focuses attention on the primary problem in all commemoration of the great and the good. On one side are those like Thomas Carlyle, who was convinced that humans needed icons to hold them together as communities. In a godless age the iconic slot is filled by biography of great men – and, if necessary, bucketfuls of whitewash.
There is an alternative doctrine more popular today – what one might call the blackwash biography. It takes as its premise the belief that only after death, when libel no longer threatens, can the truth be told. Blackwash justifies itself in ways that can be worthy or prurient. The worthy justification is that the public does not have to be deluded to make correct judgments. There are, however, occasional practical considerations that justify pussy-footing, even suppression. During the Monica Lewinsky feeding frenzy Bill Clinton was neutered, incapable of carrying out the duties of office with the kerfuffle about stains on blue dresses and the exact configuration of the presidential penis.
It might have been disastrously distracting if, during the Cuban missile crisis, it had been known the Kennedy brothers were passing Marilyn Monroe round between them. The great affairs of the world are more important than such trivia. MLK’s vision has not yet been entirely fulfilled. Until it is his legacy must be protected, as was the Kennedys’ public reputation. If that requires a bucketful of whitewash, so be it. The continuing struggle for civil rights is non-trivial.
Nonetheless, I would much rather see Greengrass’s film than Spielberg’s. Wouldn’t you?
Voir encore:
Martin Luther King (1929 – 1968)
Un pasteur contre la ségrégation raciale
Martin Luther King (39 ans) est assassiné dans un motel de Memphis le soir du 4 avril 1968.
André Larané.
Hérodote
La mort tragique et ô combien prévisible du pasteur noir soulève une immense émotion aux États-Unis et dans le monde entier… cependant que les ghettos noirs des grandes villes américaines sombrent dans des émeutes d’une extrême violence.
Le jour de Martin Luther KingChaque année, le troisième lundi de janvier, les habitants des États-Unis commémorent le jour de Martin Luther King junior en souvenir de son action et de sa mort tragique.
Un apôtre de la non-violence Pendant une douzaine d’années, le pasteur King a lutté contre la ségrégation raciale pratiquée dans le sud des États-Unis.
Il s’est fait connaître à Montgomery (Alabama) à l’occasion d’un boycott de la compagnie d’autobus de la ville, coupable de tolérer la ségrégation dans ses véhicules. Il a entrepris ce boycott après qu’une couturière noire de 42 ans, Rosa Parks, ait refusé de céder sa place à un Blanc, le 1er décembre 1955.
Martin Luther King junior, jeune pasteur baptiste de la ville, est porté à la tête du mouvement de protestation et il organise aussitôt celui-ci en s’inspirant des actions non-violentes conduites par Gandhi aux Indes contre le colonisateur britannique.
Les Noirs d’Atlanta choisissent jour après jour de marcher plutôt que de prendre l’autobus. Cela dure un an. Privée de recettes, la compagnie doit rendre les armes et met fin à la ségrégation dans ses autobus. L’affaire prend une ampleur nationale et la Cour constitutionnelle déclare la ségrégation dans les bus inconstitutionnelle !
Martin Luther King prend alors la tête du Mouvement des droits civiques. Il triomphe le 28 août 1963, sous la présidence de John Fitzgerald Kennedy, à l’occasion de la Marche sur Washington. Devant 250.000 sympathisants, sur les marches du Mémorial Lincoln de la capitale fédérale, il prononce alors son plus fameux discours : «I have a dream…» («Je fais un rêve…»).
Extrait : I have a dream that one day little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers…» (Je fais un rêve qu’un jour, les petits enfants noirs et les petits enfants blancs joindront leurs mains comme frères et soeurs…).
Mais la haine a bientôt raison de la non-violence. Le président Kennedy est assassiné et de premières émeutes éclatent dans les ghettos noirs tandis que le nouveau président, Lindon Baines Johnson, signe le 2 juillet 1964, en présence de Martin Luther King, la loi sur les droits civiques mettant fin à toute forme de ségrégation.
Le 14 octobre 1964, Martin Luther King reçoit le Prix Nobel de la paix. Mais son Mouvement est de plus en plus contesté et concurrencé par des mouvements qui prônent la violence, comme les Black Muslims (Musulmans noirs), dont le chef, Malcolm X, est assassiné le 21 février 1965.
Année après année, les violences rythment désormais la marche des Noirs vers l’émancipation civique. Après Watts, faubourg de Los Angeles, en août 1965, voici que flambent les ghettos de Chicago, en juillet 1966, puis de Detroit et Newark, en juillet 1967.
Une mort chargée d’espoirC’est dans cette atmosphère de tension que le pasteur est assassiné à Memphis. Son meurtrier est un repris de justice blanc, James Earl Ray. Il sera condamné à la prison à vie.
Aux Jeux Olympiques de Mexico, qui suivent le drame de quelques mois, des champions noirs américains lèvent le poing sur le podium et tournent le dos à la bannière étoilée. La même année, des professeurs admettent le principe de développer la place des Noirs et des minorités dans l’enseignement de l’histoire. C’est le début du mouvement PC («politically correct»).
La décennie qui suit est marquée par un profond bouleversement des esprits et une crise morale sans précédent. Les tensions raciales s’apaisent peu à peu. Aujourd’hui, l’intégration des Noirs, qui représentent un dixième de la population américaine, ne soulève plus guère d’opposition même si ce groupe reste handicapé par un grand retard économique et social.
Voir par ailleurs:
Detour to the Promised Land
A search for the real Martin Luther King Jr., who is hidden from those who know only his oratory.
Robert S. Boynton
The New York Times
January 23, 2000
I MAY NOT GET THERE WITH YOU
The True Martin Luther King, Jr.
By Michael Eric Dyson.
404 pp. New York:
The Free Press. $25.
Americans don’t have much patience with complicated heroes. We like them simple and unthreatening, preferably reducible to a single idea or expression. There are few historical figures who illustrate this tendency better than the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., a man whose entire career is often summarized in the phrase »I have a dream. »
But what exactly was that dream? It’s sometimes hard to remember. In the 32 years since his assassination, King’s patrimony has been claimed by every ideological group imaginable. The civil rights establishment understandably sees him as one of its own. But so do such Christian conservatives as Randall Terry of Operation Rescue and Ralph Reed, who cite King’s vision as the basis for their own activism. King’s famous plea that his children be judged not »by the color of their skin but by the content of their character » has become the battle cry for conservative advocates of colorblind policies. And in 1997, when Californians opposed to affirmative action wanted a suitable image for Proposition 209, they chose a picture of King at the 1963 March on Washington.
So malleable is King’s message that his »dream » sometimes seems to stand for everything and nothing. In »I May Not Get There With You, » Michael Eric Dyson argues that we have tarnished King’s true legacy by translating it into a cliché. We have sanitized his ideas to make them sound less radical, twisted his identity so he appears more saintly and ceded control of his image to various powers — from the federal government that made his birthday an official holiday to the King family itself, which has aggressively and profitably marketed his memory. Dyson castigates King’s foes and fans alike. »In the last 30 years we have trapped King in romantic images or frozen his legacy in worship, » he writes. »His strengths have been needlessly exaggerated, his weaknesses wildly overplayed. »
A Baptist minister and the Ida B. Wells Barnett university professor at DePaul University, Dyson is a prolific cultural critic who mixes journalism and scholarship (a hybrid he calls »biocriticism ») to create a largely convincing portrait of the »lost » King, emphasizing the years from 1965 to 1968, when he focused on race, poverty and militarism, the »triplets of social misery. » Although there is little new material here, Dyson’s achievement is to have recovered the discomfortingly radical core of King’s message and reminded us why J. Edgar Hoover called him »the most dangerous Negro in America. » It is sometimes forgotten that many of the liberal admirers so fond of King when he was the messenger of nonviolent integration ( »the poster boy for Safe Negro Leadership, » in Dyson’s words) grew disenchanted with him when he espoused more radical ideas in his later years. Confronted with seemingly ineradicable white racism and persistent black poverty in the North, King concluded that nothing short of »radical moral surgery » was required to heal the country. »I am sorry to have to say that the vast majority of white Americans are racists, either consciously or unconsciously, » he declared the year he died. He viewed the Vietnam War as an extension of America’s domestic racism and lost considerable support by advocating various black nationalist and socialist ideas. His own Southern Christian Leadership Conference put tremendous pressure on him to moderate his views and, although he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, by 1968 his name had slipped off the Gallup poll’s list of the 10 most admired Americans.
The book is at its best when Dyson provides close readings of the less well-known sermons, drawing on King’s unambiguously radical ideas to rescue him from his conservative usurpers and undercut their sanitized portrait. Indeed, Dyson proposes a 10-year moratorium on reading King’s »I Have a Dream » speech so that the rest of his ideas — like his defense of wide-ranging affirmative action programs in »Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution, » his last Sunday morning sermon — might come to the fore. Dyson argues that the »Dream » speech has become an unwitting enemy of King’s genuine moral complexity. »If we are forced to live without that speech for a decade, we may be forced to live it instead. In so doing, we can truly preserve King’s hope for racial revolution, » he writes.
Dyson gives us a thoroughly contemporary King, an enigmatic hero whose flaws and failings make him more, not less, relevant to our times. Still, his painstaking analysis of King’s promiscuity and plagiarism (Dyson describes King’s habit of »sampling » from other sources as »more Miles Davis than Milli Vanilli ») too often reads like a politically correct laundry list, and it borders on the absurd when he suggests that in his flagrant sexual affairs King exploded »in orgasm to keep his spirit from exploding. » Similarly, when Dyson equates King’s sexism with that of the rapper Tupac Shakur, he diminishes King for the sake of a glib pop culture comparison.
Although Dyson fulfills his promise to »provide a fresh interpretation of a peculiarly American life, » I kept hoping he might step back and question the whole enterprise of icon rescue itself. It sometimes seems as if the culture industry packages new heroes no less frequently than the fashion industry alters hemlines or tie widths. Was the Malcolm X revival of only a few years ago — to which Dyson’s »Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X » contributed — a genuine movement or merely a marketing opportunity? Will Dyson’s reclaimed and updated King really bolster young African-Americans or the political left? One might actually read »I May Not Get There With You » as a pointed lesson about how absurdly easy it is for ideologues of every political stripe to misappropriate and profit from even the most powerful ideas and sophisticated thinkers. Too often the rhetorical battle over a hero’s image gets confused with the political struggle itself. So can the defenders of King’s »true » legacy finally declare victory, or has the real fight only just begun?
Robert S. Boynton has written for The New York Times Magazine, The New Yorker and The Atlantic Monthly.
Voir encore:
Martin Luther King, Jr. n’était pas « aveugle à la race »
Eric Fassin
Mediapart
3 avril 2008
Martin Luther King, Jr. fut assassiné il y a quarante ans, le 4 avril 1968 ; il n’avait pas encore quarante ans. Rien d’accidentel dans ce meurtre, ni d’imprévu : agressions et attentats le poursuivaient depuis des années. La veille même de sa mort, à Memphis, il prononçait un discours prophétique. Les menaces se rapprochaient alors, il les évoquait sans détour. « Comme tout le monde, j’aimerais vivre une longue vie. La longévité a sa place. Mais je ne m’en soucie pas à présent. » Car, tel Moïse, « j’ai vu la Terre Promise. Je n’irai peut-être pas avec vous. Mais sachez-le ce soir, nous irons, notre peuple ira sur la Terre Promise ! » La fin de sa vie fut donc la chronique d’une mort annoncée.
Pourquoi tant de haine ? Cette violence contre l’apôtre de la non-violence paraît aujourd’hui incompréhensible : il fait l’unanimité, jusque chez les conservateurs. C’est depuis Ronald Reagan qu’un jour férié lui est consacré. Loin des déchirements des années 1960, King est devenu une figure consensuelle. « J’ai fait un rêve », répète-t-on sans cesse. Une phrase résume partout son fameux discours de 1963 à Washington : « Je fais le rêve qu’un jour mes quatre jeunes enfants vivront dans une nation où ils seront jugés, non pas sur leur couleur de peau, mais d’après le contenu de leur personnalité. » (« the content of their character »). Autrement dit, si Martin Luther King, Jr. est devenu à titre posthume un saint national, c’est parce qu’il aurait été « aveugle à la race » (color-blind).
Or King n’était pas un saint – en tout cas, il n’avait rien de lénifiant. Non qu’il s’agisse de rappeler ici, pour le dénigrer, les faiblesses de l’homme (du plagiat de jeunesse aux aventures du pasteur adultère). Mais si l’on veut comprendre sa mort violente, il faut lui restituer sa force de scandale. King n’était pas un doux rêveur inoffensif. Comme le souligne avec force le critique noir Michael Eric Dyson, les années 1960 aux Etats-Unis, en se radicalisant, ont radicalisé aussi le pasteur de l’église baptiste. En 1968, le mouvement pour les droits civiques a perdu son innocence, et King avec lui.
Après 1965, King s’éloigne d’une approche morale pour privilégier une approche politique. Il ne suffit pas d’en appeler à la justice. S’il ne renonce jamais à la non-violence, de plus en plus, pour penser les rapports de force, il met en cause l’ordre des choses. La réforme exigée suppose selon lui une « restructuration de la société américaine dans son entier. » En effet, désormais, la question raciale lui apparaît bien comme une question sociale. Les droits formels sont nécessaires ; ils ne sont pas suffisants : la ghettoïsation des populations de couleur est inséparable des inégalités économiques. A Memphis, il trouve la mort en venant soutenir une grève d’éboueurs noirs, dans le cadre de la Campagne des pauvres. Il s’agit donc de la distribution de la richesse, de l’organisation de la société étatsunienne tout entière, bref, du capitalisme.
N’allons pas croire pour autant que King renonce à la race, pour penser la classe en dernière instance. En effet, en déplaçant le combat, du Sud au Nord des Etats-Unis, le pasteur pouvait mesurer à quel point le racisme n’était pas cantonné dans les terres des Confédérés. A Chicago, où il se bat pour les droits sociaux, le logement ou l’emploi, l’hostilité n’est pas moindre que dans l’Alabama, quand il luttait pour les droits civiques, contre la ségrégation. Le racisme n’est donc pas seulement une trace du passé, legs de la guerre de Sécession, car cent ans plus tard, « la plupart des Américains sont inconsciemment racistes. » Autrement dit, après le racisme revendiqué, King découvre l’ampleur de la discrimination raciale qui s’affiche moins, mais qui n’a pas besoin d’être consciente pour instituer une hiérarchie raciale. Le problème ne se résume pas aux intentions, bonnes ou mauvaises ; c’est le résultat qui compte, à savoir la discrimination.
La radicalisation de Martin Luther King, Jr. ne s’arrête pas là. Un an avant sa mort, jour pour jour, le prix Nobel de la Paix s’était publiquement engagé à New York contre la guerre du Vietnam : il était venu, « le temps de briser le silence ». C’était rompre avec le président Johnson, et s’exposer à l’hostilité des médias, de Time au New York Times. Pour King, le combat pour la paix rejoint l’engagement pour les droits civiques. C’est que « la guerre est l’ennemi des pauvres » : ce sont leurs enfants qui meurent au Vietnam, et c’est l’argent de la guerre contre la pauvreté qui est dilapidé dans l’effort militaire. Quant aux Vietnamiens, « ils doivent voir les Américains comme d’étranges libérateurs »… C’est pourquoi, plutôt que de combattre le communisme, « il nous faut, par une action positive, chercher à éradiquer ces conditions de pauvreté, d’insécurité et d’injustice qui sont le sol fertile où pousse et prospère la semence du communisme. »
Ces mots résonnent tout particulièrement aujourd’hui, à l’heure du « conflit des civilisations » – les funérailles de Coretta King, sa veuve, ont donné l’occasion de le souligner en 2006. Dans son discours, King évoquait « l’urgence farouche de l’instant » (« the fierce urgency of now »), soit contre la « procrastination », le péril imminent du « trop tard ». Ce n’est pas un hasard si Barack Obama reprend la formule pour expliquer sa candidature – son urgence : il est connu pour son opposition à la guerre en Irak. Mais il est aussi le premier candidat noir qui peut espérer la nomination d’un des deux grands partis pour l’élection présidentielle américaine. Comment ne pas penser le lien entre les deux ? Cette rhétorique ne doit donc pas être prise à la légère : elle nous invite à penser l’actualité politique de Martin Luther King, Jr., soit l’imbrication des questions de classe et de race, mais aussi leur articulation avec les enjeux de la guerre et de la paix. King ne faisait pas seulement la morale ; il faisait bien de la politique. D’ailleurs, il en est mort. S’il n’avait été qu’un saint, il n’aurait pas été un martyr.
Son héritage est donc bien un enjeu politique. Aux Etats-Unis, les conservateurs s’emploient depuis le début des années 1990 à en faire le héraut d’une Amérique « aveugle à la race ». L’intellectuel noir Shelby Steele opposait déjà en 1990, en écho au discours de 1963, « le contenu de notre personnalité » à la couleur de peau – et depuis, cette version « color blind » du militant des droits civiques s’est imposée, y compris dans des travaux universitaires parmi les plus sérieux. Jusque dans les campagnes électorales, on invoque l’autorité de King contre les politiques de discrimination positive (affirmative action). Or, comme le démontrait en 2003 Tim Wise, militant blanc de l’antiracisme, loin d’être « aveugle à la race », le pasteur noir s’est mainte fois prononcé pour des politiques prenant en compte le critère racial. En 1963, il écrivait déjà : « Dès qu’on soulève l’idée d’un traitement compensatoire ou préférentiel pour les Noirs, certains de nos amis reculent avec horreur. Le Noir devrait bénéficier de l’égalité, ils en conviennent, mais il ne devrait rien demander de plus. En apparence, c’est raisonnable ; mais ce n’est pas réaliste. Car il est évident que dans une course, l’homme qui franchit la ligne de départ trois cents mètres après son concurrent devra accomplir un exploit inouï pour le rattraper. »
Si l’enjeu est actuel, c’est bien sûr que l’anniversaire de la mort de Martin Luther King, Jr. tombe en plein dans la campagne démocrate pour la nomination. Un candidat noir est-il condamné à choisir entre le racisme anti-blanc et le moralisme incolore ? On sait ce que l’alternative a coûté à Jesse Jackson dans les années 1980 : constamment renvoyé au premier terme, il n’était qu’un candidat noir – enfermé dans sa race, et donc inéligible. Aujourd’hui, c’est tout le sens de la polémique lancée autour des sermons du pasteur Jeremiah Wright : Obama est sommé de choisir entre le racisme et l’aveuglement à la race. On reviendra sur sa réponse.
Mais il vaut la peine aussi de s’intéresser au sermon si contesté – sans se limiter aux extraits diffusés par la chaîne Fox, d’une droite sans mélange, ouvertement engagée contre Obama. Jeremiah Wright n’est pas le raciste anti-blanc qu’on nous a montré. Sans doute reprend-il d’un ambassadeur blanc, interviewé justement sur Fox, une fameuse citation de Malcolm X, la plus controversée, après la mort du président Kennedy (« the chickens have come home to roost », soit à peu près « tu récolteras la tempête »). Cependant, son discours rappelle tout autant Martin Luther King, Jr. : la guerre du Vietnam lui faisait dire que son pays était « le plus grand fournisseur de violence au monde aujourd’hui. » Il avait déjà rappelé que « notre nation est née d’un génocide », en rappelant le sort des Indiens d’Amérique, et à la fin de sa vie, il caractérisait la discrimination raciale dans le Nord du pays comme « un génocide psychologique et spirituel ». Il ne s’agit pourtant pas d’antiaméricanisme : l’un et l’autre appellent le pays à un examen de conscience.
Nulle modération dans ce discours. Le style prophétique du prédicateur noir n’est pas mièvre. Pour autant, King était-il raciste ? L’apôtre de la non-violence était-il violent ? Ou bien, ne donnait-il pas plutôt à voir et à penser la violence de la discrimination ? Et comment le faire en s’aveuglant à la race ? En tout cas, ceux qui voulaient le tuer ne s’y sont pas trompés : son message était bien politique ; il bousculait l’Amérique des années 1960. Et leur violence lui a donné raison. Espérons que cette histoire appartient au passé.
COMPLEMENT:
Half a century after his death, Martin Luther King Jr. remains a hero to millions of people. But with every hero comes a dark side.
All that’s interesting
December 7, 2016
“Never meet your heroes” is a wise American proverb, and it could easily have been written by a starstruck Civil Rights advocate in the ’60s who met, and was disappointed by, the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.
For a little more than a decade and a half, during the most active part of the Civil Rights Movement in America, Martin Luther King Jr. stood in front of the cameras and crowds as a public example of the better angels of our nature. In private, however, King was of a very different character.
Indeed, revelations about his dark side keep tumbling out, forcing us to reconcile with King’s flawed humanity:
A Plagiarized Doctoral Dissertation
The public life of Martin Luther King Jr. began in the early 1950s with the boycott of public transport in Montgomery, Alabama. At the time, he was only 26 years old, but he had transfixed America with his simple, eloquent indictment of segregation in the South.
When people discovered that this young street politician also had a Ph.D. in systematic theology from Boston University, his words took on a new weight; here was an educated man who could articulate what was perhaps the central social problem in America, and do so with an expert’s grasp of history and society.
It was King’s impressive academic credentials, as much as anything else, that put him at the forefront of the early Civil Rights Movement.
Those credentials, however, are under a shadow. In order to be considered for a Ph.D., graduate students generally must write a book-length paper called a dissertation. This work is expected to be original research in the field and must contribute to the scholarship of the student’s field in order to be accepted.
King’s review panel accepted his 1955 dissertation – A Comparison of the Conceptions of God in the Thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman – and awarded him a doctorate.
Decades later, however, it was revealed that King had copied paragraphs wholesale from other sources without attributing them in his dissertation. In academic circles, this is called plagiarism, and it’s usually enough to get your credentials revoked.
A Boston University committee met to review the case in 1991, and found significant “authorship issues” with the dissertation, but advised against revoking the late Dr. King’s credentials. They did, however, attach a letter to the paper with a summary of their findings, which remains there to this day.
Other Charges of Plagiarism
King was under a lot of pressure when he wrote that dissertation. His responsibilities in the Civil Rights Movement had skyrocketed at that time, and did not leave much time for King to do multiple proofs on his paper.
It would be easy to write off a single case of unattributed copying in a single document — that is, if it had actually been a single case. According to Reverend Larry H. Williams, who had been King’s best friend in the 1940s, the first public sermon Martin Luther King ever delivered was also plagiarized.
King delivered the sermon at the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, and as Williams later recounted, he drew large sections of it straight from another sermon, called “Life Is What You Make It,” by Harry Emerson Fosdick.
Independent reviewers, many of them deeply sympathetic to King and his legacy, have since found that in King’s first book, Stride Toward Freedom, he heavily copied without attribution, and that he routinely appropriated others’ work without credit in his assignments at college.
Ironically, most of King’s public speeches and papers are currently protected by copyright, which means that using any of them without permission could get you sued by Intellectual Properties Management, the exclusive licensor of his works.
King married Coretta Scott in 1953, and they seem to have been happy with each other until his death in 1968. A shared belief in civil rights helped their marriage remain a happy one: Scott had been an anti-segregation activist herself early on, and the two seemed to have a genuine affection for each other.Another, less happy element that kept the couple together was Scott’s ability to turn a blind eye to the countless affairs that King had while he was on the road.The FBI began tapping King’s phones in the spring or summer of 1963, and later planted bugs in hotel rooms where he stayed when on the road. Initially, the FBI worried about communist infiltration of King’s group, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), because of his association with known (former) communists such as Stanley Levison.What came through on the tapes wasn’t communist plotting, however, but intense, nearly constant sexual activities with countless women he met on his travels.The recordings, and the incidents they revealed, shocked the FBI. Many times, King recruited multiple women – who appear to have been a mix of groupies and prostitutes, and who may have been paid with SCLC money – for post-speech trysts that ranged from plain 1-on-1 encounters to orgies involving half a dozen people.
Several other clergymen in his entourage were typically present for these indiscretions, according to King’s closest friend Ralph Abernathy, who drew criticism for airing King’s dirty laundry in his 1989 memoirs.
According to Abernathy, just about everybody attached to King believed in Christian moral precepts, but they had a hard time keeping to them. When King traveled to Oslo to receive the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize, for example, two of his associates nearly got themselves kicked out of the hotel when staff caught them chasing nearly naked prostitutes through the halls.
King was especially fond of arranging sex with women he met at his speeches. According to one of his associates, both black and white women would pass King their phone numbers or hotel room keys minutes after meeting him. Nobody who knew him then seems to remember an occasion when he passed up such an invitation.
These escapades eventually became common knowledge. Interviewed in private years later, even Jackie Onassis admitted that Robert Kennedy had told her all about the FBI recordings, and that what he knew appalled her. Some anonymous person at the FBI even sent copies of the tapes to both King and his wife.
King allegedly brushed off the exposure with a remark about being surprised that they knew so much about him, while Scott later claimed that she couldn’t make out what she heard and ignored the whole thing. Years later, Scott told an interviewer that she never asked King about infidelity; she didn’t want to bother him over a thing like that, she said.
Martin Luther King Jr.’s Dark Side
Richard Stockton
All that’s interesting
December 7, 2016
The Violent End
Perhaps the most lurid tale of King’s relationships with other women comes from the last night of his life. In his 1989 book about the Civil Rights Movement, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, King’s closest friend Ralph Abernathy wrote that he, King, and a few friends left the Masonic Temple where King had delivered his last speech to get some drinks and attend a party.
King reportedly disappeared into a bedroom at the party with a young woman and didn’t come out until around 1 a.m. Abernathy and King then left the house together and returned to the Lorraine Motel, where a female state legislator awaited him. King again disappeared into a bedroom with the woman while Abernathy stretched out to get some sleep.
At around 8 a.m. that morning, according to Abernathy, King shook him awake and asked for his help dealing with a third woman who, he said, had been waiting for him all night long and was very angry.
Abernathy followed King back to his room and witnessed an argument between the pair that quickly turned physical. He claims that the two struggled briefly, and that King eventually struck the unnamed woman hard enough to knock her across the bed, and that she left soon after.
The date was April 4, 1968. Around 10 hours later, just after 6 p.m., King stepped out onto the balcony for a cigarette and was shot by a sniper. Ralph Abernathy held him until he died, and then waited more than 30 years – until he was near death himself – to write what he knew about the Martin Luther King Jr. that he had loved and admired.
Voir enfin
As a teenage college student Dr Martin Luther King defied society’s rules by openly dating a white woman – but heartbroken, even he ultimately realised their love could not survive.
She would hang out and watch as he played pool and table tennis with his friends, he’d take her for drives, and even out for meals when his student budget would stretch.
Best of all, they would simply sit on a bench and talk, and talk, and sometimes kiss.
In the years before he became a civil rights leader, an icon who who would ultimately sacrifice his life for his ‘dream’ of equality, Dr Martin Luther King Jr was like most other 20-year-old college boys in 1949, trying to woo their girl.
Except, even then, King wasn’t really like every other college boy.
Even then, the passionate man dared to dream big. Because his girl, the legendary civil rights activist’s little-known first love, Betty Moitz, was white. Betty Moitz was a young art student who met Martin Luther King Jr as he studied to become a pastor, and became his girlfriend.
And that fact, even away from King’s Atlanta home in America’s then brutally segregated Deep South, in the more liberal north of America where he attended college near Philadelphia, would still have unsettled or incensed most who spied them together.
Although segregation might have been outlawed there in schools, cafes and bars, when it came to love, the line between black and white was still heavily drawn.
It is little wonder few ever knew about that early, almost secret, chapter of his life – because ultimately, even King himself was forced to accept this was one dream he would have to relinquish.
Society, neither within black worlds or white, would allow him to marry Betty and live in peace.
Rev. Pius J. Barbour, a friend close to Dr King at the time, admits it was a realisation which left the idealistic student a “man with a broken heart.”
“He never recovered,” he later recalled.
King, the son of a Baptist minister in Atlanta, Georgia, had grown up under the vice-like grip of segregation across the southern states.
Although from a well-off middle-class family, he had experienced the humiliation of being forced to give up his seat on local buses for white people who stepped onboard; of being barred from playgrounds, libraries and schools only open to white children.
Somehow, he knew he had to lead a change, and aged 19, after majoring in Sociology at Morehouse College, in Atlanta, he decided to attend Crozer, a Protestant seminary in Chester, near Philadelphia, to train to be a pastor in his father’s church.
This, he decided – although of course unable then to envisage just how central he would become to the civil rights movement – would be his path to making a difference in the world.
And it was there he met Betty, an art student whose family lived on the college’s campus.
Her mother worked as the college’s nutritionist, and it was in the kitchen on a visit, Betty first got talking to the charismatic ‘ML’, as he was then nicknamed.
A few months later, they begun dating and things grew serious.
“We were madly, madly in love, the way young people can fall in love,” Betty revealed in 2016, before she died aged 89.
The interview she granted to author Patrick Parr, who spent years trying to track her down as he researched his book The Seminarian: Martin Luther King Jr. Comes of Age , was the only one she ever gave.
She described how captivated she was by King – as the world was also one day to become.
And how she fell for his ambition and idealism.
“I listened and he’d just talk and talk… He was wonderful – a joy to be with and listen to,” she explained.
“One thing ML knew at age 19 was that he could change the world.”
A few of King’s friends and fellow students have also shed glimmers of light on the blossoming relationship over the years.
Marcus Wood once described how King “used to go over their house quite often to see her.”
“I supposed he thought that, here I am out of the South now, and not back home, out in the open, nothing illegal, a free place, sure I can go over and talk to this white girl,” he added.
“King was extremely fond of her… He was also rather proud of the fact that he was able to socialise openly with a white girl.”
But while King and Betty certainly weren’t doing anything illegal, interracial marriage was still illegal in other states.
Their relationship wasn’t the norm; even in their liberal community they would still have prompted stares, comments and unease.
Almost a decade later, in 1958, polls still showed 94 percent of white Americans disapproved of interracial marriage.
And it was only in 1967, a year before King’s assassination, that it finally became legal for black and white people to marry in every state across America.
King certainly didn’t hide his relationship from the community, although the couple weren’t overt in their affections.
“We did go out on dates,” Betty said. “He was always trying to get me to go with him to restaurants in Chester.”
She herself maintained she was never conscious of the problems their presence might have posed – shrugging skin colour off with the throwaway comment: “I never noticed. I always had a tan and dark brown hair.”
She was actually more edgy about eating out…
“I was embarrassed to let him know I had never been to any of those places. In those days, who went to restaurants?” she laughed.
But King clearly became increasingly concerned about how their relationship could progress.
Although his friends were largely accepting, some warned him it could damage his future if things developed further.
If King wanted to return to the Deep South as a pastor and fight for black civil rights, he knew deep down even his own community would struggle to accept his white wife.
Tellingly, it seems he didn’t even tell his own family he was dating Betty.
Even when his close sister Christine visited, Betty would retreat. It was because King worried about his mother finding out.
“He was worried what she’d think,” Betty said.
Initially, he pushed away his friends’ worries.
Wood recalled: “The more we warned [ML] that marriage was out of the question – especially if he hoped to become a pastor in the South – the more he refused to ‘break off’ the potentially controversial relationship.”
But it seems he slowly began to realise that this one dream, of marriage to Betty, might wipe out his other dream of changing the world.
An older, married friend, Horace Whitaker, recalls King speaking to him about the situation and seeking advice.
“They were very serious,” he remembered, “although he was young.”
“I’m not saying he wasn’t mature enough for that kind of experience,” he added
“But I remember talking to him about that kind of marital situation … and we had talked about it from the standpoint that if he intended going back to the South and pastoring at a local church, that that might not be an acceptable kind of relationship in a black Baptist church, and I think he would be valuing that in light of whether or not it was a workable situation, knowing his own particular sense of call.”
Certainly, at that time, marrying Betty would likely have ruled out King returning to the segregated South at all.
The soul-searching which must have gone into his decision to end the relationship was surely painful.
But how painful, and how long that pain lasted, we will never know.
King, who in 1953 married Coretta Scott King, who he met after graduating, only remarked once publicly on the situation, in a 1964 biography by Lerone Bennett, What Matter of Man.
His quote is brusque, and practical, and gives little away – except perhaps, that even then, the future Nobel Peace Prize winner had an unbending sense of purpose.
“She liked me and I found myself liking her,” he said of Betty.
“But finally I had to tell her resolutely that my plans for the future did not include marriage to a white woman.”
It was a devastating acceptance which must have dented the optimism of the young activist – or maybe, also, spurred him on?
In 1963, in Washington, he told packed crowds marching for equality of the famous dream that would cement his place in history.
Of black people and white he said he hoped one day: “We will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together.”
Underlying it all was surely a dream we would one day be able to love one another, freely and openly, too.